尾刺

劍龍尾部生長的尾刺

尾刺（英語：thagomizer，發音爲/ˈθæɡəmaɪzər/）是一劍龍科動物尾部特有的劍狀物，通常有四到十根。這些劍狀物被認為是牠們作為自我保護的一種手段[1]。

這些劍狀物物本沒有特有的名稱，英語中的“thagomizer”一詞在1982年由加里·拉尔森（Gary Larson）在其漫畫《遠方》（The Far Side）中被創造,之後便成了科學研究、教育界通用的非正式名詞。

詞源

“尾刺”由加里·拉尔森（Gary Larson）的漫畫首先創造。 在1982年的《遠方》中，一群的穴居人教授在一个仿现代的演讲厅里被穴居人教授教导说，剑龙尾巴上的尖刺被冠以“已故的萨格·西蒙斯（Thag Simmons）的名字”[2] 该术语最初由丹佛自然与科学博物馆的古生物学家肯·卡彭特（Ken Carpenter）採用。 [3] ，他在1993年脊椎动物古生物学学会年会上描述該類化石时使用了此术语[4]。此后，Thagomizer被用作非正式的解剖学术语，并由史密森学会[3][5]，恐龙国家纪念碑，書籍《恐龙大全》（The Complete Dinosaur）[6] 和BBC纪录片《恐龙行星》[7]使用。

古生物學

劍龍化石上的尾刺

古生物學界曾對尾刺的作用產生過許多爭論。Gilmore於1914年提出，尾刺是用於展示的[8] 。羅伯特·巴克（Robert Bakker)則指出，劍龍科動物的尾部由於缺乏硬化的皮內骨質，所以比其他鳥臀類動物更加靈活，因此其尾部應該是作為一種武器存在。他还观察到，剑龙可以保持其大型后肢静止不动，并以強壯而短的前肢推動身體，从而轻松地操纵其尾部，从而使其能够灵活地旋转以应对攻击[9]。2010年，人們對埃塞俄比亞釘狀龍 （Kentrosaurus aethiopicus）進行了數據模擬，證明了牠的尾巴可以帶動尾刺在身體周邊擺動，從而進行防禦[10] 。 关节剑龙盔甲的发现表明，至少在某些物种中，这些尖刺从尾巴水平突出，而不是通常描绘的垂直突出。

數學

尾刺圖像

2017年，有人提出了“尾刺圖像”，並將其應用於了多分圖K1,1,n。[11]

參考資料

  1. ^ Holtz, T. R., (2000) "Classification and Evolution of the Dinosaur Groups" (pp. 140–168) in The Scientific American Book of Dinosaurs, edited by Gregory S. Paul, New York: St Martin's Press ISBN 0-312-26226-4.
  2. ^ Black, Riley. Watch Out For That Thagomizer!. Smithsonian.com. March 30, 2011 [May 28, 2019]. （原始内容存档于2020-10-03）. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 The word: Thagomizer. New Scientist. July 8, 2006 [08072020]. （原始内容存档于September 30, 2007）. 
  4. ^ Holtz, Thomas, R. Jr. Dinosaurs: the Most Complete, Up-To-Date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages. New York: Random House. 2007: 230. ISBN 978-0-375-82419-7. 
  5. ^ Stegosaurus Changes. Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Department of Paleobiology. [March 3, 2007]. （原始内容存档于December 14, 2004）. 
  6. ^ Galton, Peter M. Stegosaurs. Farlow, James Orville; Brett-Surman, M. K. (编). The Complete Dinosaur. Indiana University Press: 302. 1999 [December 11, 2016]. ISBN 978-0253213136. （原始内容存档于2020-06-08）. In all stegosaurs, the terminal tail spines (thagomizer) presumably played a role in defense. 
  7. ^ Fight For Life. Planet Dinosaur. 第1季. 第4集. 事件发生在 9 minutes 14 seconds. November 26, 2015 [December 11, 2016]. BBC. BBC One. （原始内容存档于2017-01-13） （英语）. Stegosaurus: a heavily armored tank with a deadly weapon at the end of its tail, known as a thagomizer. 
  8. ^ Gilmore, C. W. Osteology of the armored Dinosauria in the United States National Museum, with special reference to the genus Stegosaurus. Series: Smithsonian Institution. United States National Museum. Bulletin 89 (Government Printing Office, Washington). 1914, (89). 
  9. ^ Bakker, R. T. The Dinosaur Heresies. New York: William Morrow. 1986. 
  10. ^ Naish, Darren. Heinrich's digital Kentrosaurus: the SJG stegosaur special, part II. Tetrapod Zoology. 2010 [January 19, 2011]. （原始内容存档于January 9, 2011）. 
  11. ^ Gedeon, Katie; Proudfoot, Nicholas; Young, Benjamin. Kazhdan-Lusztig polynomials of matroids: a survey of results and conjectures (PDF). Séminaire Lotharingien de Combinatoire. 2017, 78B: 80 [2020-08-07]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-07-08）. 

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