封閉平臺(closed platform),或稱圍牆花園(walled garden)[1][2],是指一種軟體系統,其中的電信業者或服務供應商擁有控制應用、內容與媒體的能力,並能限制未經允許的應用或內容被輕易接取。與封閉平臺相對的是開放平臺,該平臺允許消費者不受限制地接取應用、內容等。
概述
舉電信為例,手機上的服務與應用曾被行動通訊業者給牢牢掌控住。業者能限制用戶的入口網站及主頁所能接取到的應用與開發商。因此,業者可能會限制用完預付卡金額的用戶接取服務。這一直是限制住電信業的一個核心問題,因為開發商在將其應用服務提供給終端用戶時遇到了巨大的阻礙。
在一個更極端的例子裡,1970年代的美國電話系統貝爾公司擁有所有的硬體(包括所有的電話)與所有的訊號,甚至幾乎在其纜線上的所有文字(訊息)。一個具有里程碑意義的案例是Hush-A-Phone訴美國案,貝爾公司要求Hush-A-Phone不准將其電話機與貝爾的電話系統相連,最終敗訴。在這案子中,貝爾公司得到了政府的公開允許,並依據1934年通傳法規定享有獨占地位。
更一般性地,圍牆花園可指提供給用戶的封閉或排他性之資訊服務。與真正的圍牆花園類似,在圍牆花園內的用戶無法逃脫這些地方,除非通過指定的出入口或圍牆被移除掉[3]。
方面
哈佛商學院於2008年的一份報告中將平臺的開放性/封閉性分成4個方面,並舉例說明。
例子
圍牆花園的一些例子如下:
另見
參考資料
- ^ Daniel Memetic. Escaping the Walled Gardens in the Clouds. [2012-10-07]. (原始内容存档于2018-07-03).
- ^ Nicholas Smith. Interview With Rosabeth Moss Kanter, author of SuperCorp (2009): No Matter How Big You Are, Diversify or Die (PDF). 2009 [2012-10-07]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-05-15).
- ^ Definition of: walled garden. PCmag.com. [2012-06-13]. (原始内容存档于2013-03-06).
- ^ Thomas R. Eisenmann, Geoffrey Parker, Marshall Van Alstyne. Opening Platforms: How, When and Why? (PDF). Harvard Business School Entrepreneurial Management Working Paper No. 09-030. Harvard Business School: 2. 2008-08-31 [2015-06-30]. doi:10.2139/ssrn.1264012. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-01-17).
- ^ Mathew Ingram. How the e-book landscape is becoming a walled garden. Gigaom. 29 February 2012 [2012-10-07]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-18).
- ^ Jay Akasie. With New Kindle, Bezos Proves Ecosystems Matter More Than Hardware. 7 September 2012 [2012-10-07]. (原始内容存档于2012-09-11).
- ^ Pascal-Emmanuel Gobry. How Amazon Makes Money From The Kindle; Amazon's Kindle is no longer just a product: It's a whole ecosystem. Business Insider. 2011-10-18 [2013-11-29]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-10).
- ^ Charles Arthur, technology editor. Battle for the Internet (Part III of series): Walled gardens look rosy for Facebook, Apple – and would-be censors. 2012-04-17.
- ^ Ben Bajarin. Why Competing With Apple is So Difficult. 2011-07-01 [2015-08-19]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-06).
- ^ Smith, Peter. Kindle Fire and Nook Tablet both get "upgraded" with reduced functionality. ITWorld.com. 2011-12-21 [2012-01-10]. (原始内容存档于2012-01-08).
- ^ Verry, Tim. Kindle Fire and Nook Tablet Receive Root Access Killing Software Updates. PCPerspective.com. 2011-12-21 [2012-01-10]. (原始内容存档于2012-08-15).
- ^ Carnoy, David. Barnes & Noble adds Google Play store to its tablets: The Nook HD and HD+ may not be fully "open" Android tablets, but they're now much more open than they were. CNet. 2013-05-02 [2015-08-19]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-08).
- ^ Walled gardens are great when a medium is brand new. Without history and without.... [2013-11-29]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-03).
- ^ Martin Adolph of ITU’s Telecommunication Standardization Bureau (TSB). The world of video games: Trends in video games and gaming. ITU News. 2011, (10) [2015-08-19]. (原始内容存档于2019-05-30).
- ^ Robert A. Burgelman & Carrie C. Oliver. Electronic Arts in 1995. Stanford Graduate School of Business: 16 pages. 1997-08-01 [2013-11-29]. (原始内容存档于2013-12-03).
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