宣信者马克西姆(英語:St Maximus the Confessor,580年—661年8月13日),或稱認信者馬克西姆。基督教神学家、学者、教父、修道士,东正教、天主教、圣公会和路德宗圣徒、宣信者。曾受到拜占庭皇帝希拉克略的邀請,擔任私人國事秘書一職,但就任不久即離職,入了幾個修道院,成為修道士。聽到有关基督一志論的內容就開啟他的反對争论生涯,他支持迦克墩派观点,因此遭到审判受到酷刑,舌头和右手被割并流放至死格鲁吉亚。後來皇帝、主教們和信徒們都認定他是迦克墩偉大的信仰辯護者,所以尊稱他為「任信者(或宣信者)」。他極力支持的基督二志說在第三次君士坦丁堡公会议得到承认,他的著作也得到平反,成為詮釋與教導信仰的正統標準著作。[1]
在第三次君士坦丁堡會議有涉及一場神學論爭,即是基督一志論與基督二志說,最後獲勝的基督二志說是以馬克西姆的作為主要代表。馬克西姆對基督二志說的堅持,反映出對人的自由意志的肯定。[13][14]
馬克西姆的基督二志說,不只是他神學的其中一環,而是體現了他神學的一個基調-即聯合即分別的神學(theology of simultaneous union and distinction):「結合的事物在一不可分離的聯合中仍然保持別殊而又不混淆(thing united remain distinct and without confusion in an inseparable union)」,這也不只是在他的基督論體現,也體現在他的三一論及教會論。[15][16]
^Maximus the Confessor, On Difficulties in the Church Fathers: The Ambigua (2 volumes; ed. & trans. Nicolas Constas; Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2014), vol. 1, p. 101。
^Maximus the Confessor, On Difficulties in the Church Fathers: The Ambigua, vol. 1, 95.
^Melchisedec Törönen, Union and Distinction in the Thought of St Maximus the Confessor (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), P. 1.
^Melchisedec Törönen, Union and Distinction in the Thought of St Maximus the Confessor, 2-5.
^St Maximus the Confessor, On the Cosmic Mystery of Jesus Christ (trans. Paul M. Blowers & Robert Louis Wilken; Crestwood, NY: St Vladimir’s Seminary Press, 2003).
^David Bentley Hart, “The Story of Christianity” (New York: Quercus, 2015): 126-127.
^Everett Ferguson, “Church History Volume One: The Rise and Growth of the Church in Its Cultural, Intellectual, And Political Context” (Michigan: Zondervan, 2005), 328.
^奧爾森(Roger E. Olson),《神學的故事》,吳瑞誠,徐成德譯(臺北:校園書房出版社,2002),349-50。
^Robert Benedetto, “The New Westminster Dictionary of Church History: Volume One.” (Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press, 2008), 420.
^Mike Aquilina, “The Fathers of the Church 3rd Edition: An Introduction to the First Christian Teachers”, (Huntington, IN: Our Sunday Vistor,2013), 298-302.
^Brian E. Daley, SJ. “Maximus the Confessor and John of Damascus on the Trinity,” (Michigan, IN: Baker Academic, 2014), 83-99.
^Mike Aquilina, “The Fathers of the Church 3rd Edition: An Introduction to the First Christian Teachers”,300-2.