塔普羅巴納

托勒密地圖中的塔普羅巴納

塔普羅巴納[1][2][3][4]古希臘語Ταπροβανᾶ),塔普拉班古希臘語Ταπροβανῆ, Ταπροβάνη[5]古希臘印度洋上的斯里蘭卡島的稱呼。

歷史

老普林尼的《博物志》中記錄最早在公元前4世紀,在亞歷山大大帝時期塔普羅巴納被證實是一個島嶼。在麥加斯梯尼的作品中有描述,它被大河分割,珍珠和黃金的產量比印度還多[6]。島嶼和印度之間的海洋滿布只有「六步」深的淺灘,在淺灘以外的海域,船錨都無法觸及海底。當地的船兩頭都是船首,方便在狹窄的水道行駛不用轉彎。當地的水手不使用天文航海,而是帶鳥出海,放飛鳥以確定航道[6]

克勞狄一世時期(41-54年),一個自由民在阿拉伯地區航海,遭遇風暴後到達了塔普羅巴納的一個港口西普里(今Kudiramalai英语Kudiramalai),他接受到當地國王的熱情款待,並用六個月學會當地語言,回答了關於羅馬的問題。隨後國王派出四名使者和羅馬建交[7]。根據使者的介紹,塔普羅巴納上有五百座城鎮,最大的城市是帕莱西木恩杜斯,人口有二十萬[8]

拜占庭的司提反(6世紀)的詞典《Ethnica》記載島上有一座城市名為阿吉拉(古希臘語Ἀργυρᾶ[9],一條河流名為費斯(古希臘語Φᾶσις[10]

十四世紀的約翰·曼德維爾的著作《曼德維爾爵士遊記》中認爲塔普羅巴納是屬於祭司王約翰。島上一年有兩個夏天兩個冬天,島上有大量的金山被如獵犬大小的食人蟻守衛。人類使用駱駝,馬和野獸驅趕食人蟻,或者利用食人蟻會填滿見到空容器這個特性,讓馬匹帶著空的容器等上金山,以獲得金子[11]

中世紀一些學者根據托勒密的《地理學指南》繪製地圖,由於傳播和理解上問題,導致出現塔普羅巴納是蘇門答臘的說法,影響了不少人如安東尼奧·皮加費塔在《首次環球航行記》(1524-1525年)就說塔普羅巴納是蘇門答臘的古稱[12]尼科洛·達·康提(1395-1469年)亦然,十五世紀不少葡萄牙人的記錄也是如此[13]。而瓦爾德澤米勒地圖(1507年)明確標示出塔普羅巴納是斯里蘭卡/錫蘭。

近代研究

近代的研究,學者認為希臘人所說塔普羅巴納(古希臘語Ταπροβανᾶ)是源於潘地亞王朝(今印度泰米爾納德邦和斯里蘭卡)當時泰米爾語梵文中的塔米拉巴拉尼(Thamirabarani)。塔米拉巴拉尼在當地是一個地區名和一條河流的名字[14][15]喬治·烏格洛·蒲柏在他的《印度歷史教材》中提出塔普羅巴納源於Dipu-Ravana,意思是「羅波那之島」(Rāvaṇa's island)[16]

相關作品

  • 盧濟塔尼亞人之歌賈梅士1572年出版的史詩,作品中第一章第一節有提到塔普羅巴納「名聞遐邇的艦隊與諸侯,自琉息太尼亞西岸啟航,前往未曾航行過的海域,他們越過了塔普羅巴納,在危難與奮鬥的戰役中,超越人類能力所及範圍,在遙遠的異族之上建立新王國,讓兩者皆獲昇華」[17]
  • 太陽城托馬索·康帕內拉1602年創作的哲學作品,作品中有提到塔普羅巴納[18]
  • 唐吉訶德塞萬提斯1605年和1615年發佈的反騎士小說,第十八章提到塔普羅巴納是阿利凡法龍大帝的領地[19]
  • 巴比倫彩票豪爾赫·路易斯·波赫士1941年創作的奇幻短篇小說,作品中有提到塔普羅巴納。
  • 天堂的噴泉亞瑟·查理斯·克拉克1979年創作的科幻小說,故事發生的地點是一個名為塔普羅巴納的島,作者克拉克表示該島有90%和斯里蘭卡島一致。
  • Finelines》英國樂隊My Vitriol2001年發佈的專輯,收錄的一首歌曲名為塔普羅巴納(Taprobana),樂隊的主唱索姆·沃德納出身於斯里蘭卡。
  • 塔羅班納》(Taprobana)2014年電影。

參考來源

引用
  1. ^ Moule, Arthur Christopher. 一五五〇年前的中国基督教史. 中华书局. 1984: 30 [2020-10-13]. CSBN 11018·1277. (原始内容存档于2020-10-18) (中文). 科斯马斯英语Cosmas Indicopleustes(公元535年)说: “在印度洋的塔普罗巴纳岛( 锡兰)上有一所基督教教堂 
  2. ^ 石云涛. 三至六世纪丝绸之路的变迁. 文化藝術出版社. 2007: 469 [2020-10-13]. ISBN 978-7-5039-3282-3. (原始内容存档于2020-10-15) (中文(简体)). 而希腊人称作塔普罗巴纳的岛屿(即锡兰)也相当遥远 
  3. ^ 王俊彦. 澳门的故事. 世界知识出版社. 1999: 122 [2020-10-13]. ISBN 978-7-5012-1115-9. (原始内容存档于2020-10-17) (中文). 贾梅士情不自禁地修改《葡国魂》的开头部分,使之具有更为波澜壮阔的气势:英勇的水手,威武的船队,离开了卢济塔尼亚西部的海岸,远涉迄今无人航行的海洋,经过塔普罗巴纳水面 
  4. ^ Cœdès, George. 希腊拉丁作家远东古文献辑录. 中华书局. 1987: 14 [2020-10-13]. ISBN 978-7-101-00016-0. (原始内容存档于2020-10-18) (中文). 塔普罗巴纳* ( Taprobane,即锡兰,今斯里兰卡,下同) 
  5. ^ STEPHANUS OF BYZANTIUM, ETHNICA 1849,T602.16.
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 博物志·十一卷 & 77,6.24.1.
  7. ^ 博物志·十一卷 & 77,6.24.2.
  8. ^ 博物志·十一卷 & 77,6.24.3.
  9. ^ STEPHANUS OF BYZANTIUM, ETHNICA 1849,A115.1.
  10. ^ STEPHANUS OF BYZANTIUM, ETHNICA 1849,Ph660.21.
  11. ^ 約翰·曼德維爾. CHAPTER XXXIII. 曼德維爾爵士遊記. : 199–200 [2020-10-04]. (原始内容存档于2020-03-22) (英语). 
  12. ^ Antonio Pigafetta; Lord Stanley of Alderley(譯). Pigafetta's Account of Magellan's Voyage. The First Voyage Round the World. LONDON: HAKLUYT SOCIETY. 1874 [2020-10-11]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-12) (英语). we left to the right and to the North, from fear of the Portuguese, the island of Zumatra, anciently named Taprobana 
  13. ^ Major, Richard Henry; Quatremère, Étienne Marc; Bracciolini, Poggio; Jones, John Winter; Nikitin, Afanasil; Wielhorski-Matustkin, Michal Michalovich; Santo Stefano, Hieronimo di. India in the fifteenth century : being a collection of narratives of voyages to India, in the century preceeding the Portugese discovery of the Cape of Good Hope ; from Latin, Persian, Russian, and Italian sources, now first translated into English. London : Printed for the Hakluyt Society. 1857: lxii. 
  14. ^ Sivasubramaniam, K. Fisheries in Sri Lanka : anthropological and biological aspects 1st. Colombo: Kumaran Book House. 2009: 39. ISBN 9789556591460 (英语). 
  15. ^ Leelananda Prematilleka; Sudharshan Seneviratne. Perspectives in Archaeology: Leelananda Prematilleke Festschrift. Department of Archaeology, University of Peradeniya. 1990: 90 (英语). 
  16. ^ 喬治·烏格洛·蒲柏. A text-book of Indian history; with geographical notes, genealogical tables, examination questions, and chronological, biographical, geographical, and general indexes. London, Gladding. 1871: 28 [2020-10-09] (英语). 
  17. ^ 維基文庫葡語版《盧濟塔尼亞人之歌》页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆),引用譯文為楊立強翻譯
  18. ^ Tommaso Campanella. The City of the Sun. [2020-10-11]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-11) (英语). 
  19. ^ El ingenioso Hidalgo. Capítulo XVIII. Don Quijote de la Mancha. 1605 [2020-10-17]. (原始内容存档于2020-10-17) (西班牙语). Y has de saber, Sancho, que este que viene por nuestra frente le conduce y guía el grande emperador Alifanfarón, señor de la grande isla Trapobana 
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