塔尔诺波尔隔都

塔尔诺波尔隔都
犹太会堂
塔尔诺波尔犹太会堂,二战期间被毁
塔尔诺波尔在波兰境内的犹太人大屠杀地图上的位置
捷尔诺波尔在乌克兰的位置
捷尔诺波尔
捷尔诺波尔
塔尔诺波尔(今捷尔诺波尔)在今天乌克兰的位置
别名捷尔诺波尔隔都
地点德占波兰塔尔诺波尔
49°20′N 25°22′E / 49.34°N 25.36°E / 49.34; 25.36
事件类型监禁、强制劳动、饥饿、大规模杀戮
参与组织党卫队、C别动队乌克兰辅助警察德意志国防军
受害者2万名犹太人

塔尔诺波尔隔都波蘭語getto w Tarnopolu、德語:Ghetto Tarnopol)是第二次世界大战期间纳粹德国在原波兰塔尔诺波尔(今乌克兰捷尔诺波尔)建立的犹太人隔都,由党卫队建立于1941年。[1]

背景

根据波兰1931年人口普查英语Polish census of 1931,塔尔诺波尔的民族构成多样,其中犹太人占44%. 塔尔诺波尔拥有该地区最大的犹太人社区,[2]其中大多数犹太人以波兰语为母语。[3]苏联入侵波兰前夕,城市中的犹太人口达到了1.8万人。[4]

纳粹德国入侵苏联(巴巴罗萨行动)伊始,德军占领塔尔诺波尔,几天后开始了首次屠杀犹太人的行动。为期一周的杀戮中,有1,600至2,000名犹太人遇害。[5][6]两个月后,隔都正式建立。[4]1941年7月2日德意志国防军占领塔尔诺波尔。数百名犹太人和苏联人一同仓皇逃往东方。[6]不久后,纳粹在塔尔诺波尔监狱发现了1,000名被内务人民委员部杀害的政治犯英语NKVD prisoner massacres的尸体,接着又在附近的城镇发现了1,000具尸体。依据纳粹的犹太布尔什维主义虚假宣传,德国人宣布犹太人应为苏联的这些暴行负责。[7][8]

两天后城中爆发了一场反犹骚乱,从1941年7月4日一直持续到7月11日。住宅被毁坏、犹太会堂被焚毁、犹太人遭遇无差别杀害。根据以色列犹太大屠杀纪念馆估计,共有1,600名犹太人在骚乱中遇害。[6]他们有的死在监狱中、有的死在学校、还有的死于后来的犹太会堂大火。[9]约有1,000名犹太人被C别动队下属的党卫队4b特遣队杀害。[6]部队由京特·赫尔曼(Guenther Hermann)指挥,[10]此前他刚刚从卢茨克的大屠杀英语Łuck Ghetto现场返回。[11]另有600名犹太人被乌克兰民兵英语Ukrainian People's Militia杀害。[6]这支民兵由乌克兰民族主义者组织建立,一个月后更名为乌克兰辅助警察[12]他们杀害的犹太人几乎全是男性。[6]约有500名犹太人在塔尔诺波尔市郊的公墓被杀害,杀害他们所用的武器由国防军分发。[13]根据YIU英语Yahad-In Unum天主教司铎帕特里克·德布瓦神父在乌克兰的采访,有些受害者惨遭斩首。[13]

隔都历史

德国当局下令成立一个60人的犹太委员会。委员会主席由教师马雷克·戈特弗里德担任。犹太人被召集到警察总部聚成一组,用卡车拉出城,在临近的Zagroble的一处秘密地点处决。1941年8月初,塔尔诺波尔的犹太人被要求佩戴大卫之星,并在上面标明自己的住址。[6]纳粹在屠杀行动之后不久组建了新的犹太委员会,原来委员会的成员下场未予公布;当局要求支付150万卢布的赎金。古斯塔夫·菲舍尔(Gustaw Fischer)被任命为新委员会的主席。ref name="sztetl.org"/>

1941年9月,Gerhard Hager治下的德国占领当局宣布在城内建立专门的犹太隔都,范围在旧广场和小市场广场附近的弃置区域,仅占市区面积的5%. 隔都内的人口密度提高了两倍,容纳了1.2万至1.3万名犹太人。非法离开隔都会被处以死刑;隔都内实行食物配给制。[9]隔都内的条件在年内急剧恶化:1941年末至42年初的冬季,由于居高不下的死亡率和对于卫生条件的考虑,犹太委员会开始将尸体埋到万人坑中。[6]德国当局为犹太奴工在Kamionka、Podwołoczyska、Hluboczka以及Zagroble建立了附属于隔都的劳动营。[4]

围捕与隔都清场

Staroszkolna街上的塔尔诺波尔犹太会堂被毁

隔都的首次清场行动发生在1942年8月31日[9]距离最终解决方案启动过去不久。[6]当时,塔尔诺波尔西北的贝乌热茨灭绝营已经在全力运作。[14]约有三四千名犹太人在围捕后被锁在没有水喝的牲畜车厢里。[9]运输车在车站滞留两天,车上的受害者不断呼救;此时,另一趟列车装载着茲巴拉日隔都和米庫林齊隔都的犹太人开进车站。两班列车在车站连为一趟大屠杀列车,向贝乌热茨开去。车上至少有6,700人死于窒息和干渴。[9]

接下来的一趟大屠杀列车于1942年11月10日集结。[9]约有2,500名犹太人被围捕押送到车站,向贝乌热茨发车时,一支乌克兰小交响乐团为他们奏乐。隔都占地大幅缩水,其中部分地区被改做劳动营。[9]纳粹在1942年8月至1943年6月间实行了五次“抽选”,使得塔尔诺波尔的犹太犯人数量降为原来的十分之一。[6]隔都和劳动营在最后一次抽选后被清场。[9]受害者由大屠杀列车拉到贝乌热茨灭绝营,也有部分死于Petrykowo[9](亦作Petrykow-Wald)的大规模射杀;在乌克兰警察的协助下,约有2,500名犹太人在该地被枪决。[15]塔尔诺波尔及和周边地区有数百名试图在城中藏匿求生;许多人被乌克兰民族主义者告发,其中有200人在苏联人1944年占领城市前夕被发现。[6]

一些犹太人藏匿在波兰人家中,得以生还。[6]帮助塔尔诺波尔犹太人的国际义人包括雷根特(Regent)一家[16]与米西耶维茨(Misiewicz)一家等。[17]1996年,一座纪念犹太人大屠杀受害者的纪念碑在捷尔诺波尔的Petrikovsky Yar落成。[18]

参见

脚注

  1. ^ Zimmerman, Joshua D. The Provinces of Poland on the Eve of World War II. The Polish Underground and the Jews, 1939–1945. Cambridge University Press. 2015-06-05: xviii, 278, 328, 347. ISBN 978-1-107-01426-8. At Teheran (1943) Churchill told Stalin that he wished to see a new Poland "friendly to Russia". Stalin replied that nevertheless, he considered the annexation of Eastern Poland "just and right" only along the frontiers of the Nazi-Soviet invasion of 1939.[p. 351]
  2. ^ Wydarzenia 1931 roku. Historia-Polski.com. [2020-06-03]. (原始内容存档于2012-03-23) (波兰语). Tarnopol: 14.000 czyli 44% ludności. 
  3. ^ Central Statistical Office (Poland), Drugi Powszechny Spis Ludności. Woj.tarnopolskie, 1931.p. 59. Wikimedia Commons.
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Robert Kuwałek, Eugeniusz Riadczenko, Adam Marczewski. Tarnopol. History - Jewish community before 1989. Translated by Katarzyna Czoków and Magdalena Wójcik. Virtual Shtetl: 3–4 of 5. 2015 [2015-07-31]. (原始内容存档于2015-09-24). 
  5. ^ Aharon Weiss. Tarnopol (Rus. Ternopol). Jewish Families of Ternopil (Tarnopol). Geni.com. 2015 [2015-07-29]. Holocaust and Postwar Periods. (原始内容存档于2015-09-24). 
  6. ^ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 Tarnopol Historical Background. Yad Vashem. Archived 9 March 2014. (原始内容存档于2014-03-09). 
  7. ^ Ferguson 2006,第419頁.
  8. ^ Piotrowski 1998,第9–10頁.
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 Robert Kuwałek, Eugeniusz Riadczenko, Adam Dylewski, Justyna Filochowska, Michał Czajka. Tarnopol. Historia - Społeczność żydowska przed 1989. Virtual Shtetl: 3–4 of 5. 2015 [2015-07-31]. (原始内容存档于2015-09-24) (波兰语). 
  10. ^ IDs of SS-Men. The SS & Polizei section. Axis History Forum. 2002-03-10 [2020-06-03]. (原始内容存档于2018-10-29). 
  11. ^ Headland, Ronald. Messages of Murder: A Study of the Reports of the Einsatzgruppen of the Security Police and the Security Service, 1941-1943. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. 1992: 79, 125. ISBN 978-0-8386-3418-9. 
  12. ^ Symposium Presentations. The Holocaust and [German] Colonialism in Ukraine: A Case Study (PDF). The Holocaust in the Soviet Union. The Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum: 15, 18–19, 20 in current document of 1/154. September 2005 [2015-07-31]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2012-08-16). 
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 Liphshiz, Cnaan. French priest interviews Hitler's willing executioners in Ukraine - Haaretz - Israel News. haaretz.com. 2009-05-18 [2020-06-03]. (原始内容存档于2009-05-21). A horrific page of history unfolded last Monday in Ukraine. It concerned the gruesome and untold story of a spontaneous pogrom by local villagers against hundreds of Jews in a town [now suburb] south of Ternopil in 1941. Not one, but five independent witnesses recounted the tale, recalling how they rushed to a German army camp, borrowed weapons and gunned down 500 Jews inside the town's Christian cemetery. One of them remembered decapitating bodies in front of the church. 
  14. ^ Browning, Christopher. Nazi Policy, Jewish Workers, German Killers. Cambridge University Press. 2000: 71. ISBN 052177490X. substitution. 
  15. ^ Yad Vashem. Tarnopol region - Online Guide of Murder Sites of Jews in the Former USSR. Tarnopol District, Poland, Petrykow area. [2020-06-04]. (原始内容存档于2019-12-29). Shootings near Petrykow village began in mid July 1941 and concluded on 1-2 August 1943.  Mass extermination crimes committed within range of the Sipo branch office Tarnopol were investigated by LG Stuttgart Case Nr. 634. JuNSV Project. Nazi Crimes on Trial. Justiz und NS-Verbrechen Vol. XXIV. 1963 [2020-06-04]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-09). 
  16. ^ Piotr Żulikowski. Rodzina Regentów [The Regent Family]. Przywracanie Pamięci (The Return of Memory). Polscy Sprawiedliwi (Polish Righteous): 1. January 2011 [2020-06-04]. (原始内容存档于2019-08-27). 
  17. ^ Wojciech Załuska. Rodzina Misiewiczów [The Misiewicz Family]. Przywracanie Pamięci (The Return of Memory). Polscy Sprawiedliwi (Polish Righteous): 1. October 2010 [2020-06-04]. (原始内容存档于2019-08-27). 
  18. ^ В Тернополе осквернили памятник жертвам Холокоста [Monument to Holocaust victims in Ternopil desecrated]. Евроазиатский Еврейский Конгресс. 2012-09-25 [2015-09-12]. (原始内容存档于2013-04-03) (俄语). 

参考文献

外部链接

Read other articles:

Disambiguazione – Se stai cercando altri significati, vedi Moloko (disambigua). MolokoRóisín Murphy, voce dei Moloko, durante un'esibizione in Ungheria nel 2008 Paese d'origine Inghilterra GenereAlternative dance[1]Dance pop[1]Trip hop[2] Periodo di attività musicale1995 – 2006 Album pubblicati4 Studio4 Sito ufficiale Modifica dati su Wikidata · Manuale I Moloko sono un duo musicale anglo-irlandese di musica elettronica e pop, comp...

 

Regina Oscana (Wascana)CityVictoria Park, Regina BenderaLambang kebesaranJulukan: The Queen CityMotto: Floreat Regina(Let Regina/the Queen Flourish)CountryCanadaProvinceSaskatchewanDistrictMunicipality of SherwoodEstablished1882Pemerintahan • City MayorMichael Fougere • Governing bodyRegina City Council • MPs List of MPs Ray Boughen (CPC) - PalliserRalph Goodale (LPC) - WascanaTom Lukiwski (CPC) - Regina-Lumsden-Lake CentreAndrew Scheer (CPC) - Re...

 

Sir Archibald Wavell mengenakan seragam Marsekal Lapangan Marsekal Lapangan Archibald Percival Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell, GCB, GCSI, GCIE, CMG, MC, KStJ, PC (5 Mei 1883 – 24 Mei 1950) adalah seorang perwira senior Angkatan Darat Inggris. Ia bertugas dalam Perang Boer Kedua, Kampanye Bazar Valley dan Perang Besar, di mana ia terluka dalam Pertempuran Ypres Kedua. Ia bertugas dalam Perang Dunia Kedua, awalnya sebagai Ketua Komandan T...

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Emmanuel-Philibert de Savoie. Emmanuel-Philibert (it) Emanuele Filiberto Portrait d'Emmanuel-Philibert au XVIe siècle attribué à Giorgio Soleri, musée de l'Escurial (Madrid). Titre Prince de Piémont et Duc de Savoie 17 août 1553 – 30 août 1580(27 ans et 13 jours) Prédécesseur Charles II Successeur Charles-Emmanuel Ier Gouverneurs des Pays-Bas espagnols 1555 – 1559(4 ans) Prédécesseur Marie de Hongrie Successeur Marguerite d...

 

رقص النحل هو مصطلح يستخدم في تربية النحل وعلم السلوك لتعيين نظام اتصال حيواني يتم من خلاله البحث عن النحل أو البحث الاستكشافي (في المتوسط من 5 إلى 25٪ من العلافين الذين هم الأقدم والأكثر خبرة والبعض الآخر المستقبِلات التي تنتظر إشارة الكشفية) تنقل إلى المستقبِلات المتبقية ف...

 

LipskKota Pasar Lambang kebesaranNegara PolandiaProvinsiPodlasiePowiatAugustówGminaLipskHak kota1580Pemerintahan • Wali kotaLech ŁępickiLuas • Kota Pasar4,98 km2 (1,92 sq mi)Ketinggian tertinggi172 m (564 ft)Ketinggian terendah160 m (520 ft)Populasi (2016) • Kota Pasar2,411 • Kepadatan480/km2 (1,300/sq mi) • Metropolitan3,500Zona waktuUTC+1 (CET) • Musim panas...

Not to be confused with Osceola County, Iowa. City in Iowa, United StatesOsceola, IowaCityLocation of Osceola, IowaCoordinates: 41°01′46″N 93°47′03″W / 41.02944°N 93.78417°W / 41.02944; -93.78417CountryUnited StatesStateIowaCountyClarkeGovernment • MayorThomas J. Kedley • City AdministratorTy WheelerArea[1] • Total7.60 sq mi (19.68 km2) • Land7.26 sq mi (18.81 km2) �...

 

جامعة الحاج لخضر معلومات التأسيس 1985 النوع عمومية الموقع الجغرافي إحداثيات 35°32′27″N 6°08′56″E / 35.54095°N 6.14887°E / 35.54095; 6.14887   الشارع بجانب عمارات بوزغاية و المجلس القضائي باتنة الجزائر الرمز البريدي 05000 المكان باتنة البلد الجزائر سميت باسم عبيدي محمد الطاهر  إح...

 

American television series For other uses, see December Bride (disambiguation). This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (June 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) December BrideLily (Spring Byington) helps guest star Mickey Rooney with a crap game set up as a trap for those who robbed his home.GenreSitcomCreated byParke LevyWritte...

Questa voce sull'argomento calciatori italiani è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Gastone Martelli Nazionalità  Italia Calcio Ruolo Centrocampista Termine carriera 1937 Carriera Squadre di club1 1926-1927 Anconitana? (?)1929-1936 Bologna93 (1)1936-1937 Alessandria? (?) 1 I due numeri indicano le presenze e le reti segnate, per le sole partite di campionato.Il simbolo �...

 

Clara BartonFoto oleh James E. Purdy (1904)LahirClarissa Harlowe Barton(1821-12-25)25 Desember 1821North Oxford, Massachusetts, Amerika SerikatMeninggal12 April 1912(1912-04-12) (umur 90)Glen Echo, Maryland, Amerika SerikatMakamNorth Cemetery (Oxford, Massachusetts)PekerjaanPerawat, humanitarian, pendiri dan presiden pertama Palang Merah Amerika SerikatTanda tangan Clarissa Harlowe Barton (25 Desember 1821 – 12 April 1912) adalah seorang perawat Amerika Serikat yang mend...

 

1967 soundtrack album by the George Martin OrchestraThe Family WaySoundtrack album by the George Martin OrchestraReleased6 January 1967 (UK)12 June 1967 (US)RecordedDecember 1966StudioCTS Studios, LondonGenreClassical, soundtrackLength24:59LabelDecca (UK)London (US)ProducerGeorge MartinThe George Martin Orchestra chronology George Martin Instrumentally Salutes The Beatle Girls(1966) The Family Way(1967) Yellow Submarine(1969) The Family Way is a soundtrack album composed by Paul McCa...

Ираклеониты — ученики гностика Ираклеона (II век). Упоминаются как особая секта Епифанием и Августином; при крещении и миропомазании они соблюдали обряд помазания елеем и при этом произносили воззвания на арамейском языке, которые должны были освободить душу от власт�...

 

Indigenous people in the Andes and Altiplano regions of South America This article is about the Aymara ethnic group. For the language, see Aymara language. This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find s...

 

Municipality in Neuchâtel, SwitzerlandCressierMunicipalityCressier village Coat of armsLocation of Cressier CressierShow map of SwitzerlandCressierShow map of Canton of NeuchâtelCoordinates: 47°3′N 7°2′E / 47.050°N 7.033°E / 47.050; 7.033CountrySwitzerlandCantonNeuchâtelArea[1] • Total8.55 km2 (3.30 sq mi)Elevation436 m (1,430 ft)Population (31 December 2018)[2] • Total1,886 • ...

Site of destroyed Moshav in Mandatory Palestine For the biblical location, see Ataroth. MoshavAtarot עטרותMoshavAtarot, 1944AtarotCoordinates: 31°51′N 35°13′E / 31.850°N 35.217°E / 31.850; 35.217 Atarot (Hebrew: עטרות) was a moshav in Mandatory Palestine, north of Jerusalem along the highway to Ramallah. It was named after the biblical Atarot mentioned in Joshua 16:2, which is believed to have been situated nearby. The moshav was captured and destroye...

 

Place in Centre-Est Region, Burkina FasoBelayerlaCountry Burkina FasoRegionCentre-Est RegionProvinceBoulgou ProvinceDepartmentBittou DepartmentPopulation (2005 est.) • Total1,230 Belayerla is a town in the Bittou Department of Boulgou Province in south-eastern Burkina Faso. As of 2005, the town has a population of 1,230.[1] References ^ Burkinabé government inforoute communale Archived 2008-10-11 at the Wayback Machine vte Boulgou ProvinceCapital: TenkodogoBagr�...

 

The history of the University of California, Riverside, or UCR, started in 1907 when UCR was the University's Citrus Experiment Station. By the 1950s, the University had established a teaching-focused liberal arts curriculum at the site, in the spirit of a small liberal arts college, but California's rapidly growing population made it necessary for the Riverside campus to become a full-fledged general campus of the UC system, and it was so designated in 1959. The University of California Cit...

Cet article est une ébauche concernant une localité allemande. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. Dackscheid Armoiries Administration Pays Allemagne Land Rhénanie-Palatinat Arrondissement(Landkreis) Eifel-Bitburg-Prüm Bourgmestre(Ortsbürgermeister) Matthias Knauf Code postal 54649 Code communal(Gemeindeschlüssel) 07 2 32 211 Indicatif téléphonique 06554 Immatriculation BIT Démographie Popul...

 

中瀬古駅 駅舎(2009年2月) なかせこ Nakaseko (鈴鹿国際大学前) ◄7 徳田 (1.6 km) (1.3 km) 伊勢上野 9► 所在地 三重県鈴鹿市中瀬古町北緯34度48分44.9秒 東経136度32分34.8秒 / 北緯34.812472度 東経136.543000度 / 34.812472; 136.543000座標: 北緯34度48分44.9秒 東経136度32分34.8秒 / 北緯34.812472度 東経136.543000度 / 34.812472; 136.543000駅番号 8所属事�...