Werner Stötzer英语Werner Stötzer的雕塑 Sitzender Junge

是基本的人類休息姿勢。體重主要由與地面或諸如凳等水平物體接觸的臀部支撐,軀幹則或多或少是直立的。生活中經常坐著會有顯著的健康風險,長時間坐著的人其死亡率比不常久坐的人要高[1]

有些姿是是軀幹直立,將腿置於膝蓋以下,例如正坐及瑜珈中的金剛坐英语Vajrasana (yoga),有些情形下會將這種跪姿也歸類為坐。

坐姿

席地而坐

正坐
胡坐

跪坐在地上最常見的是屈膝而坐,一般可分為雙膝並排,或著是膝蓋彎曲盤腿而坐。也有雙腳伸直的坐姿,稱為踞坐。在東亞漢字文化圈傳統中踞坐是極其隨便、無禮的坐姿。另一種是雙膝屈曲坐著,稱為“坐”。

雙膝並排的有正坐,又稱跽坐,是東亞傳統最正式的坐姿。而這種坐姿在瑜伽動作中稱為金剛坐英语Vajrasana (yoga)

盤腿坐,一種稱為胡坐日语胡坐,是把雙膝彎起交疊而坐,用於冥想、修行的盤腿坐又稱跏趺坐。 還有一種是一腿作蹲坐狀,另一腿盤起,稱為遊戲坐

箕踞,即两脚向前方或前方两侧伸展而坐,身体形状如箕。東亞古代妇女箕踞是被视为大不恭的。《韩诗外传》记载:“孟子妻独坐箕踞,孟子入室视之,白其母曰:妇无礼。”[2]

坐在凳上

坐在椅子上的女人,由Jean-François de Troy繪製
坐在椅子上的瑞典演員Börje Ahlstedt

凳子椅子時,臀部、大腿坐在椅凳上,雙腳著地。

中国春秋时期,人們开始坐在六只足的矮床上,如果要写字、吃饭,就放上一张叫做“案”或“几”的矮小桌子。到了汉朝末期,北方胡人发明了一种可以折叠的“胡床”和一种新颖轻便的坐具“马扎子”,即两木相交,中间穿绳,可张可合,人坐于其上,垂下双腿。这种坐具被胡人传入中原后广泛使用,被称为“胡座”,这种坐法也被称为“胡坐”。胡座也是中国椅子与凳子的前身,在胡坐的基础上,人们不断演变,在汉代后中国人逐渐有了坐于椅凳之上的习俗。[2]

健康風險

十七世紀時貝納迪諾·拉馬茲尼英语Bernardino Ramazzini所著的《論工人病》(De Morbis Artificum Diatriba),就將坐著列為「chair-workers」罹患疾病旳「奇怪姿勢」 之一[3]。現今的研究發現長坐的人其死亡率會顯著的提高,若規律運動可以降低一些,但風險無法完全緩解[1][4]。有關患病率及死亡率的原因有心血管疾病肥胖症2型糖尿病癌症(特別是乳癌子宫内膜癌大腸癌肺癌表面上皮间质肿瘤[1][4][5][6][7]。已找到坐著和心臟病、2型糖尿病死亡率之間的關係,但和造成癌症死亡率的風險還不清楚[6][8]。久坐時間也會和兒童及成年人重性抑鬱疾患的風險有關[9]。目前已找到久坐職業和較高身高體重指數之間的相關性,不過還沒有找到因果關係[4]。有關坐者是健康風險的原因,有很多的假說,例如因為肌肉長久沒有負荷造成的心輸出量维生素D炎症性类固醇活性、脂蛋白脂肪酶英语lipoprotein lipase活性、以及GLUT4活性的變化等[4][6][7]

參見

參考資料

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Biswas, A; Oh, PI; Faulkner, GE; Bajaj, RR; Silver, MA; Mitchell, MS; Alter, DA. Sedentary Time and Its Association With Risk for Disease Incidence, Mortality, and Hospitalization in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2015, 162 (2): 123–32. PMID 25599350. doi:10.7326/M14-1651. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 《中国文化知识精华》,湖北人民出版社,ISBN:7-216-00281-4/G·18
  3. ^ Ramazzini, B. De Morbis Artificum Diatriba Diseases of Workers. American Journal of Public Health. 2001, 91 (9): 1380–1382. PMC 1446785可免费查阅. PMID 11527762. doi:10.2105/AJPH.91.9.1380. 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 van Uffelen, Jannique G. Z.; Wong, Jason; Chau, Josephine Y.; van der Ploeg, Hidde P.; Riphagen, Ingrid; Gilson, Nicholas D.; Burton, Nicola W.; Healy, Genevieve N.; Thorp, Alicia A. Occupational sitting and health risks: a systematic review. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. Oct 2010, 39 (4): 379–388 [2020-08-26]. ISSN 1873-2607. PMID 20837291. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2010.05.024. (原始内容存档于2019-01-28). 
  5. ^ Chau, Josephine Y.; der Ploeg, Hidde P. van; van Uffelen, Jannique G. Z.; Wong, Jason; Riphagen, Ingrid; Healy, Genevieve N.; Gilson, Nicholas D.; Dunstan, David W.; Bauman, Adrian E. Are workplace interventions to reduce sitting effective? A systematic review. Preventive Medicine. Nov 2010, 51 (5): 352–356. ISSN 1096-0260. PMID 20801153. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2010.08.012. 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Proper, Karin I.; Singh, Amika S.; van Mechelen, Willem; Chinapaw, Mai J. M. Sedentary behaviors and health outcomes among adults: a systematic review of prospective studies. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. Feb 2011, 40 (2): 174–182. ISSN 1873-2607. PMID 21238866. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2010.10.015. 
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 Lynch, Brigid M. Sedentary behavior and cancer: a systematic review of the literature and proposed biological mechanisms. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention. Nov 2010, 19 (11): 2691–2709. ISSN 1538-7755. PMID 20833969. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-10-0815. 
  8. ^ Wilmot, E. G.; Edwardson, C. L.; Achana, F. A.; Davies, M. J.; Gorely, T.; Gray, L. J.; Khunti, K.; Yates, T.; Biddle, S. J. H. Sedentary time in adults and the association with diabetes, cardiovascular disease and death: systematic review and meta-analysis (PDF). Diabetologia. 14 August 2012, 55 (11): 2895–2905. PMID 22890825. doi:10.1007/s00125-012-2677-z. 
  9. ^ Liu, M; Wu, L; Yao, S. Dose-response association of screen time-based sedentary behaviour in children and adolescents and depression: a meta-analysis of observational studies.. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 9 November 2015, 50 (20): 1252–1258. PMC 4977203可免费查阅. PMID 26552416. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2015-095084. 

Read other articles:

Dawat-e-Islamiدعوت اسلامیBerkas:Dawateislami logo.pngPendiriMuhammad Ilyas Qadri[1]AgamaIslamKitab suciQuran, Hadith, SunnatBahasaLiturgical: ArabicIn Bangladesh: BengaliIn India & Pakistan:UrduIn the diaspora: In UK: Respective regional languagesSitusDawateislami.net Dawat-e-Islami (DI) adalah organisasi non-politik Islam yang berbasis di Pakistan. Didirikan pada awal 1980-an oleh Muhammad Ilyas Qadri,[1][2] organisasi ini memiliki ideologi yang selaras ...

 

 

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: National Democratic Congress Grenada – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Political party in Grenada National Democratic Congress AbbreviationNDCLeaderDickon Mitchell[1&#...

 

 

Pareo Adalah Emerald(Pareo Is Your Emerald)(パレオはエメラルド Pareo Wa Emerald)Sampul edisi reguler yang ditampilkan oleh Melody, Veranda, Yupi, dan AndelaSingel oleh JKT48Sisi-APareo wa Emerald (Pareo adalah Emerald) / SenbatsuSisi-BBara no Kajitsu (Buah Mawar) / UndergirlsTakane no Ringo (Apel Yang Ada Di Puncak) / Tim JEscape / Tim KIIIKinou Yori Motto Suki (Dibanding Kemarin Semakin Suka) / Tim TPareo is Your Emerald / Senbatsu (hanya edisi reguler)Dirilis27 Maret 2015FormatCD+D...

Species of bat Silvered bat Conservation status Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1] Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Chiroptera Family: Vespertilionidae Genus: Glauconycteris Species: G. argentata Binomial name Glauconycteris argentata(Dobson, 1875) Synonyms Chalinolobus argentatus (Dobson, 1875) The silvered bat (Glauconycteris argentata) is a species of vesper bat in the family Vespertilionidae. It is found in A...

 

 

Final Piala Champions Eropa 1965Suárez, Facchetti, Peiró dan Bedin dari Inter Milan dengan trofiTurnamenPiala Champions Eropa 1964–1965 Inter Milan Benfica 1 0 Tanggal27 Mei 1965StadionSan Siro, MilanWasitGottfried Dienst (Switzerland)Penonton89,000[1]← 1964 1966 → Final Piala Champions Eropa 1965 adalah pertandingan final Piala Champions Eropa 1964–1965, musim kesepuluh turnamen klub sepak bola utama Eropa yang diselenggarakan oleh UEFA. Itu diperebutkan oleh tim It...

 

 

Waad Al-Kateab adalah seorang jurnalis, pembuat film, dan aktivis yang berasal dari Suriah. Waad Al-Kateab mulai membuat video menggunakan ponsel miliknya pada tahun 2011 dan 2012.[1] Waad Al-Kateab (tengah) dalam kunjungan ke Gedung Capitol, Amerika Serikat pada tahun 2020. Referensi ^ Melihat konflik Suriah dari mata seorang ibu. BBC News Indonesia. Diakses tanggal 2021-04-28. 

40°43′40″N 73°59′17″W / 40.727732°N 73.988092°W / 40.727732; -73.988092 Church in New York City, United StatesMiddle Collegiate Reformed ChurchThe Church prior to the 2020 fireMiddle Collegiate Reformed ChurchShow map of ManhattanMiddle Collegiate Reformed ChurchShow map of New YorkMiddle Collegiate Reformed ChurchShow map of the United StatesLocation112 Second Avenuebetween 6th and 7th StreetManhattan, New York CityCountryUnited StatesDenominationInterdeno...

 

 

2006 studio album by The Tough AllianceEscaping Your AmbitionsStudio album by The Tough AllianceReleasedOctober 05, 2006GenreElectroLength37:04LabelSincerely YoursThe Tough Alliance chronology The New School(2005) Escaping Your Ambitions(2006) A New Chance(2006) Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusic[1] Escaping Your Ambitions is the second studio album by The Tough Alliance, released in 2006. There were only 1000 copies released, half of which were on vinyl. Tr...

 

 

Kamal el Dine HusseinBorn(1874-12-20)20 December 1874Cairo, EgyptDied6 August 1932(1932-08-06) (aged 57)Toulouse, FranceBurialMausoleum in the Mokattam HillsSpousePrincess Nimet AllahHouseHouse of Muhammad AliFatherHussein KamelMotherAyn al-Hayat AhmadOccupationOfficer, collector, explorer, traveler Prince Kamal el Dine Hussein (Arabic: كمال الدين حسين) (20 December 1874 – 6 August 1932) was the son of Sultan Hussein Kamel of Egypt. Renunciation of succession rights Severa...

Населённый пунктХанькоу Церковь в честь святого князя Александра Невского 30°34′52″ с. ш. 114°16′21″ в. д.HGЯO Страна  Китайская республика Режим Ван Цзинвэя Реформированное правительство Китайской Республики Китайская республика империя Цин История...

 

 

Taiwanese television series You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Chinese. (November 2021) Click [show] for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text ...

 

 

此条目序言章节没有充分总结全文内容要点。 (2019年3月21日)请考虑扩充序言,清晰概述条目所有重點。请在条目的讨论页讨论此问题。 哈萨克斯坦總統哈薩克總統旗現任Қасым-Жомарт Кемелұлы Тоқаев卡瑟姆若马尔特·托卡耶夫自2019年3月20日在任任期7年首任努尔苏丹·纳扎尔巴耶夫设立1990年4月24日(哈薩克蘇維埃社會主義共和國總統) 哈萨克斯坦 哈萨克斯坦政府...

Carcinoid syndrome سيروتونينسيروتونين تسميات أخرى Carcinoid apudoma,[1] functioning argentaffinoma,[1] Thorson-Bioerck syndrome[2] معلومات عامة الاختصاص علم الغدد الصم، علم الأورام من أنواع ورم سرطاوي،  ومتلازمة الأباعد الورمية  الإدارة أدوية إيفيروليموس،  وإيثيل التلوتريستات،  وأوكتريوتي�...

 

 

Национальное аэрокосмическое агентство Азербайджана Штаб-квартира Баку, ул. С. Ахундова, AZ 1115 Локация  Азербайджан Тип организации Космическое агентство Руководители Директор: Натиг Джавадов Первый заместитель генерального директора Тофик Сулейманов Основание Осн�...

 

 

French footballer Bard in 1920 Henri Louis Bard (29 April 1892 – 26 January 1951) was a French professional footballer.[1] Born in Lyon, Bard started his career in Switzerland, when his parents lived there. His first club was Servette. From 1911 he played as forward for Racing Club de France. Two years later he became a member of the France national team. In 1918 he became a member of Paris club Cercle Athlétique. With this team he won the French Cup in 1920, when he scored both of...

Autonomous region of Tanzania This article is about the modern Tanzanian region. For the 19th and 20th century sultanate, see Sultanate of Zanzibar. For the Yemeni port city, see Zinjibar. For other uses, see Zanzibar (disambiguation). ZanzibarZanzibar (Swahili)زنجبار (Arabic) Flag Coat of arms Anthem: Mungu ibariki Afrika (Swahili)God has blessed us[1]Location of Zanzibar within TanzaniaThe major islands of Unguja and Pemba in the Indian OceanCapitalZanzibar...

 

 

County in North Carolina, United States County in North CarolinaUnion CountyCountyUnion County Courthouse in Monroe FlagSealLogoMotto: Plant your future.Location within the U.S. state of North CarolinaNorth Carolina's location within the U.S.Coordinates: 34°59′N 80°32′W / 34.99°N 80.53°W / 34.99; -80.53Country United StatesState North CarolinaFounded1842Named forCompromise name that both local Democrats and Whigs agreed on[1]SeatMonroeLar...

 

 

Professional body of lawyers This article is about the professional body of lawyers. For other uses, see Bar (disambiguation). For the broader meaning of bar in legal contexts, see Bar (law). For the Star Trek: Deep Space Nine episode, see Bar Association (Star Trek: Deep Space Nine). This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (July 2015) (Learn how and w...

Teatro della FortunaParticolare della sala PolettiUbicazioneStato Italia LocalitàFano Indirizzopiazza XX Settembre Dati tecniciTiposala a ferro di cavallo, con tre ordini di palchi e loggione a balconata Capienza595 posti RealizzazioneCostruzione1845 - 1863 Inaugurazione1863 ArchitettoLuigi Poletti ProprietarioFondazione Teatro della Fortuna Sito ufficiale Modifica dati su Wikidata · Manuale Palazzo del Podestà, chiamato anche Palazzo della Ragione, nel 2017 Il Teatro della Fortu...

 

 

Railway station in Chongqing, China You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Chinese. (March 2011) Click [show] for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate ...