四回合将杀

abcdefgh
8
a8 black rook
c8 black bishop
d8 black queen
e8 black king
f8 black bishop
h8 black rook
a7 black pawn
b7 black pawn
c7 black pawn
d7 black pawn
f7 white queen
g7 black pawn
h7 black pawn
c6 black knight
f6 black knight
e5 black pawn
c4 white bishop
e4 white pawn
a2 white pawn
b2 white pawn
c2 white pawn
d2 white pawn
f2 white pawn
g2 white pawn
h2 white pawn
a1 white rook
b1 white knight
c1 white bishop
e1 white king
g1 white knight
h1 white rook
8
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四回合将杀。黑棋被将死。

国际象棋中, 四回合将杀(Scholar's mate)是通过以下着法或类似着法实现的将死

1. e4 e5
2. Bc4 Nc6
3. Qh5 Nf6
4. Qxf7#

这种杀法的基本思想是同时进攻f7(或f2)格,用后对对方的国王形成将杀。

尽管有很多种在四回合内将杀的方法,“四回合将杀”一般特指以上的杀法。

防止四回合将杀

两回合将杀很少在实战中见到,但是四回合将杀在初学者实战中常常出现。可以通过下列方法防止四回合将杀的发生:

第1回合

在1.e4之后,黑方可以使用 法兰西防御(1 ... e6)或斯堪的纳维亚防御 (1 ... d5)等开局,使四回合将杀不再可行,而西西里防御 (1 ... c5)等开局可以使2.Bc4成为一步让出先手优势的坏棋。

第2回合

飞象开局最常见的回应(1.e4 e5 2.Bc4)是2. ... Nf6,这也使四回合将杀不再可行。

第3回合

abcdefgh
8
a8 black rook
c8 black bishop
d8 black queen
e8 black king
f8 black bishop
h8 black rook
a7 black pawn
b7 black pawn
c7 black pawn
d7 black pawn
f7 black pawn
h7 black pawn
c6 black knight
f6 black knight
g6 black pawn
e5 black pawn
c4 white bishop
e4 white pawn
f3 white queen
a2 white pawn
b2 white pawn
c2 white pawn
d2 white pawn
f2 white pawn
g2 white pawn
h2 white pawn
a1 white rook
b1 white knight
c1 white bishop
e1 white king
g1 white knight
h1 white rook
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
在1.e4 e5 2.Bc4 Nc6 3.Qh5 g6 4.Qf3 Nf6之后, 黑棋成功防止了四回合将杀。

在1.e4 e5 2. Bc4 Nc6 3. Qh5之后,3 ... g6可以干净地防御。 白棋如果通过4.Qf3 继续保持Qxf7的威胁,黑棋可以轻松地通过4. ... Nf6防守(见图),此后通过Bg7出动f8的象。

abcdefgh
8
a8 black rook
b8 black knight
c8 black bishop
e8 black king
g8 black knight
h8 black rook
a7 black pawn
b7 black pawn
c7 black pawn
d7 black pawn
e7 black queen
f7 black pawn
g7 black pawn
h7 black pawn
c5 black bishop
e5 black pawn
h5 white queen
c4 white bishop
e4 white pawn
a2 white pawn
b2 white pawn
c2 white pawn
d2 white pawn
f2 white pawn
g2 white pawn
h2 white pawn
a1 white rook
b1 white knight
c1 white bishop
e1 white king
g1 white knight
h1 white rook
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
在1.e4 e5 2.Bc4 Bc5 3.Qh5之后,黑棋通过3...Qe7!防止将杀

如果黑棋走了2. ... Bc5而不是2. ...Nc6,那么3 ... g6??就是一步漏着,因为e5兵无根(接下来4.Qxe5+,5.Qxh8,黑棋丢车)。 最好的一步棋是3. ... Qe7!(见图),同时保护了f7和e5兵;黑棋威胁4. ... Nf6,通过攻击白棋的后获得先手。接下来对局可能会如此进行:4.Nf3(再次攻击e5兵)4. ... Nc6 5. Ng5 Nh6,白棋无法保持对黑棋的压力,很快便只能将过分靠前的棋子撤回。

在其他开局中

尽管在初学者以上水平的对局中,类似四回合将杀的快速将杀几乎不可能发生,很多国际象棋开局的原理都利用它的基本思想—f7和f2格只有王的保护,防御薄弱,因此是早期进攻的合适目标。 [1]

  • 在1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 (双马防御)之后, 白棋最普遍的着法是4.Ng5攻击f7, 黑棋较难防守。在煎肝进攻中,白棋甚至可以在f7格弃马。
  • 维也纳开局的弗兰肯斯坦-德古拉变化 (1.e4 e5 2.Nc3 Nf6 3.Bc4 Nxe4)中,白棋唯一发挥优势的方法是 4.Qh5威胁四回合将杀。
  • 帕海姆进攻(1.e4 e5 2.Qh5)和拿破仑开局(1.e4 e5 2.Qf3)中,白方都准备在下一步威胁四回合将杀(3.Bc4)。拿破仑开局从未在高等级比赛中出现过,但是特级大师中村光在大赛中尝试过帕海姆进攻。

参见

参考资料

  1. ^ Kállai, Gábor. Basic Chess Openings. Everyman Chess. 1997: 7. ISBN 978-1-85744-113-0. 

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