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唐納德二世
康斯坦丁之子唐纳德(现代盖尔语： Dòmhnall mac Chòiseim)，[1]汉化称之为唐纳德二世(死于900)，是9世纪晚期皮特克人的国王或苏格兰国王 (阿尔巴)。 他是康斯坦丁一世 (Causantín mac Cináeda)之子。唐纳德的绰号有Dásachtach，"狂人"。[2]
生平
唐纳德在吉里思王 (Giric mac Dúngail)死亡或退位后成为皮特克人国王，他即位的时间很不确定，但通常被认为在889年。阿尔巴国王纪事说：
君士坦丁的儿子唐纳德统治王国11年[889–900]。维京人在这时经常入侵王国。他统治期间，苏格兰和挪威展开过一次大战，最后以苏格兰胜利告终。他在Opidum Fother[今邓诺特 ]被外邦人杀害死。[3]
有人建议进攻邓诺特，他在邓诺特作战时可能苏格兰遭受了金发哈拉尔的袭击[4]并导致唐纳德的死亡。但也可能是被斯堪的纳维亚人杀害于福里斯。[5]唐纳德在900年死亡，他是第一个使用阿尔巴国王的皮特克人国王。他被葬在伊俄纳岛。
由于疆土的扩大，他将皮特克人国王 改为阿尔巴国王。但历史学家认为阿尔巴国王是他的绰号。[6]一般认为在君士坦丁二世在位时，阿尔巴国王才作为正式头衔使用，[7]也有人认为在吉里思王在位时正式头衔已是阿尔巴国王。[8]
阿尔巴纪事记载唐纳德死后，他的堂弟君士坦丁继承了王位。唐纳德的儿子马尔科姆 (Máel Coluim mac Domnall)后来成为阿尔巴国王。[9]
参见
注释
- ^ Domnall mac Causantín is the Mediaeval Gaelic form.
- ^ ESSH, p. 358; Kelly, Early Irish Law, pp. 92–93 & 308: "The dásachtach is the person with manic symptoms who is liable to behave in a violent and destructive manner." The dásachtach is not responsible for his actions. The same word is used of enraged cattle.
- ^ ESSH, pp. 395–397.
- ^ ESSH, p 396, note 1 & p. 392, quoting St Olaf's Saga, c. 96.
- ^ ESSH, pp. 395–398.
- ^ Smyth, pp. 217–218, disagrees.
- ^ Thus Broun and Woolf, among others.
- ^ Duncan, pp.14–15.
- ^ ESSH, p. 304, note 8; however, the Annals of Ulster, s.a. 904, report the death of Ímar ua Ímair (Ivar grandson of Ivar) in Fortriu in 904, making it possible that Ead (Áed ?) was a king, if not the High King.
参考文献
- Anderson, Alan Orr, Early Sources of Scottish History A.D 500–1286, volume 1. Reprinted with corrections. Stamford: Paul Watkins, 1990. ISBN 1-871615-03-8
- Anderson, Marjorie Ogilvie, Kings and Kingship in Early Scotland. Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, revised edition 1980. ISBN 0-7011-1604-8
- Broun, Dauvit, "National identity: 1: early medieval and the formation of Alba" in Michael Lynch (ed.) The Oxford Companion to Scottish History. Oxford UP, Oxford, 2001. ISBN 0-19-211696-7
- Duncan, A. A. M., The Kingship of the Scots 842–1292: Succession and Independence., Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2002. ISBN 0-7486-1626-8
- Template:Cite GEIL
- Smyth, Alfred P., Warlords and Holy Men: Scotland AD 80-1000. Reprinted, Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 1998. ISBN 0-7486-0100-7
- Sturluson, Snorri, Heimskringla: History of the Kings of Norway, tr. Lee M. Hollander. Reprinted University of Texas Press, Austin, 1992. ISBN 0-292-73061-6
- Woolf, Alex, "Constantine II" in Michael Lynch (ed.) op. cit.
外部链接
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