唐米語

唐米语
Thāmī, Thangmi Khan,Thani
Thangmi Kham and Thangmi Wakhe
发音thang-mi
区域尼泊尔、中国？
族群唐米人
母语使用人数
23,200 （2011）[1]
語系
汉藏语系
方言
多拉卡(Dolakha)
辛杜帕尔科克(Sindhupalcok)
語言代碼
ISO 639-3thf
Glottologthan1259[2]
ELPThangmi

唐米语，也称为Thāmī、Thangmi Kham、Thangmi Wakhe、Thani，是一种汉藏语言，由尼泊尔中东部的唐米人使用。唐米人将他们的语言称为 Thangmi Kham 或 Thangmi Wakhe，而尼泊尔其他地区则将其称为 Thāmī。然而，这些使用者中的大多数居住在尼泊尔的传统故乡多拉卡区(Dolakha)以及大吉岭。[3]唐米语使用天城文字母书写。[4]马克·图林（Mark Turin）对唐米语进行了广泛记录。

分布

唐米语主要在巴格马蒂省的多拉卡地区、赛隆科拉（拉梅恰普县北部狭长地带，主要在格库尔甘加）的村庄、辛杜帕尔乔克县东部地区使用，部分移居到加德满都谷地城市的老年人也讲这种语言。

在多拉卡 (Dolakha) 和辛杜帕尔科克 (Sindhupalcok) 地区以外，很少有塔米族人讲唐米语。

分类

天城文是唐米语使用的文字

唐米语似乎与尼泊尔的其他语言有很多相似之处。例如，巴拉姆语（Barām），基兰特语（Kiranti），尼瓦尔语（Newar） 语。Konow (1909)、Shafer (1966)、Stein (1970)、Toba (1990)、van Driem (1992) 和 Turin 的研究表明，唐米语与拉伊语（Rai）和尼瓦尔语（Newar）密切相关。

文法

唐米语 英语 代词
gai I 第一人称单数
ni we 第一人称复数
naɳ
 you 第二人称单数
niɳ
 you 第二人称复数
to he, she, it 第三人称单数
tobaɳ
 they 第三人称复数

方言

尼泊尔多拉克

唐米语由两种方言组成，即多拉克区（Dolakhā 东部）和辛杜帕尔乔克县（Sindhupālchok 西部）。它们在音系、名词和动词形态以及词汇方面有所不同。大多数唐米语人口使用 Dolakhā 方言，而只有少数人使用 Sindhupālcok。Dolakhā 方言提供了更完整的动词一致系统，而 Sindhupālcok 方言的名词形态则更复杂。

相互关系
英语 Dolakhā Sindhupālchok
younger brother hu calaca hu
younger sister humi camaica hu
father's eldest brother jekhapa jhya?apa
father's younger brother ucyapa pacyu
father's eldest sister nini jhya?ama
father's younger sister nini nini
mother's eldest brother palam palam
mother's younger brother malam mou
mother's eldest sister jekhama jhya?ama
mother's younger sister macyu phus?ama

唐米歌曲

唐米人拥有丰富的文化和传统。语言是他们身份的重要组成部分，他们通过文化（主要是音乐）来表达自己的语言。尼泊尔唐米人协会 (NTS) 创作了几首唐米歌曲，这些歌曲于 2007 年录制。歌词由 Singh Bahadur Thami、Devendra Thami 和 Lok Bahadur Thami 创作。以下是一些示例：

[1] （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

[2] （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

[3] （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

比较词汇

以下 210 个单词的列表涵盖五种唐米方言，来自 Regmi 等人（2014年）。[5]涵盖的方言包括：

  • 多拉卡区巴布雷（Babre） VDC
  • 多拉卡区拉皮浪（Lapilang） VDC
  • 多拉卡区苏斯帕·克沙玛瓦蒂（Suspa Kshamavati） VDC
  • 拉梅恰普区（Ramechhap）达杜洼（Daduwa） VDC
  • 辛杜帕尔乔克县（Sindhupalchok）乔卡蒂（Chokati） VDC

还提供了 Kansakar (2010)[6] 中的巴拉姆语（Baram）的词汇以供比较。

词义 Babre Lapilang Suspa Kshamavati Daduwa Chokati Baram
body mɑŋ mɑŋ mɑŋ mɑŋ jiu aŋ (IA loan)
head kɑpu kɑpu kɑpu kɑpu kɑpu kəpu
hair cimyɑŋ cimeŋ cimeŋ mus mus sjam
face kʰen kʰen kʰen kʰen kʰen mik
eye mese mese mesek mese mese mik
ear kulnɑ kulnɑ kulnɑ kulnɑ kulŋɑ kuna
nose ciŋɑ ciŋyɑ ciŋɑ cĩyɑ̃ ciyɑ̃ cina
mouth uɡo uɡo uɡo ogo ogo anam
teeth suwɑ suwɑ suwɑ suwɑ suwɑ swa
tongue cile cile cile cile cile ce le
breast cucu cyucyu cucu nunu cucu nənu
belly bɑŋkɑl bɑŋkɑl bɑŋkɑl bʌŋɡʌl bʌŋɡɑl ujaŋ
arm/hand lɑʔ lɑʔ lɑk lɑ lɑ hit
elbow uru ɽuŋ uru uru kuino kuina (IA loan)
palm oilyɑ lɑʔ lɑk pɑti lɑ lapʈa
finger cʰumpi cʰumpi cumpi cyukuri cukuri əŋla (IA loan)
fingernail pin pin pin pin pin luŋdziŋ
leg konʈe konʈe konʈe konʈe lɑi undzik
skin ʃebi ʃebi ʃebi ʃebi ʃebi chala (IA loan)
bone koʃɑ koʃɑ koʃɑ koʃyɑ koʃyɑ haɖ (IA loan)
heart loŋse loŋse loŋsek loŋse loŋse muʈu (IA loan)
blood cɑi cɑi cɑi cʌi cʌi cihui
urine uʃi uʃi uʃi uʃi uʃi ci
feces kuɽi kuɽi kiɽi kuɽi kili ku
village rɑɽe dese dese dese dese hannuŋ (IA loan)
house nem nem nem nem nem nam
roof cʰɑnɑ cʰɑnɑ pɑli pɑli cʰɑnɑ chano
door kʰɑɽoŋ kʰɑɽuŋ kʰɑɽo kʰʌɽu kʰɑɽu ɖhoka (IA loan)
firewood seŋ seŋ seŋ seŋ seŋ siŋ
broom tʰope tʰope tʰope tʰope tʰope astuŋ
mortar yɑmbɑʔ lokmɑŋ lokmɑŋ ʈim luŋ siləuʈo (IA loan)
pestle ulum lok ulum ulum loɦoro lohoro
hammer ʈʰokʈʰokyɑ ʈʰokʈʰokyɑ ʈʰokʈʰoke ʈʰukʈʰukiɑ ʈʰokʈʰokyɑ hətəuɖo (IA loan)
knife ɑikucɑ ɑikucɑ ɑikucɑ kɑrdɑ cʌkku ukhmen
axe rɑpɑ rɑpɑ rɑpɑ rɑʔpɑ rɑpɑ kəm
rope ʃɑkpɑ ʃɑkpɑ ʃɑkpɑ ʃyɑpɑ ɖɑmlɑ ɖori (IA loan)
thread dʰɑɡo sɑle benɑ ʃyɑpɑ dʰɑgo ləkthun
needle ɦili ɦili yuli yuli ɦuli pənuŋ
cloth myuŋ miŋmyɑŋ myuŋ myũ myuŋ mu
ring sɑimundro sɑimundro sɑimundro ʌŋɡuliŋ ʌũʈʰi əŋʈhi (IA loan)
sun uni uni uni uni uni uni
moon cʌlʌuni cʌlʌuni cʌlʌuni cʌlɑʔuni cʌlɑuni cəlauni
sky sʌrɡyɑ sʌrɡyɑ sʌrɡe sʌrɡe ʌkɑs akas (IA loan)
star ucʰi ucʰi ucʰi ucʰi ucʰi tara (IA loan)
rain pɑŋku pɑŋkuyusɑ jʰʌriuɑn ʃyɑrde jʰɑri aŋmət
water pɑŋku pɑŋku pɑŋku pʌŋku pɑŋku awa
river ʃoŋ ʃoŋ ʃoŋ ʃoŋ ʃoŋ gudul
cloud dʰummɑ kʰɑʃu kʰɑsu dʰummɑ dʰumpɑ a mu
lightning mirlisidu sʌrɡyɑtowɑn mirliksɑ miklik gʌɽɑŋguɽuŋtʰɑ –
rainbow indreni indreni indreni lʌrkuni indreni indreni (IA loan)
wind pʰɑʃɑ pʰɑʃɑ pʰɑʃɑ pʰɑʃyɑ pʰɑʃyɑ asi
stone ɽiŋ ɽiŋ liŋ ɽiŋ lyuŋ kumba
path ulɑm ulɑm ulɑm ulɑm ulɑm uŋma
sand pʰɑʃeɽiŋ kʰreʔduɽiŋ jɑŋkʰɑ syɑŋɖo bʌluwɑ balwa (IA loan)
fire me me me me me mui
smoke ɑsku ɑsku ɑsku ɑcʰɑ dʰuwɑ̃tʰɑn isku
ash tɑrbɑ trɑbɑ trɑbɑ trɑbɑ tɑbrɑ maju
mud nɑsɑ nɑsɑ nɑsɑ nɑsɑ nɑsɑ nəsa
dust pʰɑʃe pʰɑsse dʰule buʃi dʰulo dhulo
gold sun loŋ luŋ ɡoɦo sun sun (IA loan)
tree doŋbo duŋbo dombo pole ruk sjaŋma
leaf ɑjɑ ɑjɑ ɑjɑ ɑjɑ ɑjɑ su
root pole pole nɑrɑ dɑrɑ jɑrɑ dzəra
thorn puʈu puʈu puʈu puʈu puʈu achu
flower reŋ reŋ reŋ reŋ reŋ phul (IA loan)
fruit pʰɑlpʰul pʰɑlpʰul pʰɑlpʰul kʌntʰʌmʌl pʰɑlpʰul phalphul (IA loan)
mango ɑ̃p ɑ̃p ɑmcur ɑ̃p ɑ̃p əmba (IA loan)
banana muĩ mui muĩ muĩ mui umse
wheat (husked) jɑʔcʰo jɑʔcʰo jɑkso jɑcʰo jɑʔcʰo gəu
barley ɑkɑn ɑkɑn ɑkɑn ɑkɑn ɑkɑn dzəu
rice (husked) jɑke jɑki jɑke meke jɑke hadza
potato kwɑi kwɑi kwɑi kwɑi koi alu (IA loan)
eggplant bɑnʈɑ bɑnʈɑ bʰenʈɑ bʌnʈɑ bʰẽɽi bhənʈa (IA loan)
groundnut bʌdɑm bʌdɑm bʌdɑm bʌdɑm bʌdɑm bədam (IA loan)
chili mɑrci mʌrci mɑrci ɑso kʰorsɑni asok
turmeric ɦʌrdi ɦʌrdi ɦʌrdi besɑr besɑr besar (IA loan)
garlic lʌsun lʌsun lʌsun lʌmbo lʌsun ləsun (IA loan)
onion pyɑj pyɑj pyɑj pyɑj pyɑj pjadz (IA loan)
cauliflower reŋkopi reŋkopi kopi kɑuli kɑuli kauli (IA loan)
tomato bɑnʈɑ ɡyɑmbɑlɑ ɡɑmbʌl bʌnʈɑ golbʰẽɽɑ golbhẽɖa (IA loan)
cabbage ɑjɑkopi ɑjɑkopi bʌndɑ bʌndɑ bʌndɑ bənda (IA loan)
oil ɑsɑ ɑsɑ ɑsɑ ɑsɑ ɑsɑ asa
salt cʰyɑ cʰyɑ cʰɑ cʰyɑ cʰɑ cha
meat cici cici cici ɑcʰin cici ku sja
fat (of meat) cʰeu cʰou cʰeu cʰo cʰyʌu kucho
fish nɑŋɑ nɑŋɑ nɑŋɑ nɑŋɑ nɑŋɑ nəŋa
chicken wɑcɑ wɑcɑ wɑcɑ wɑcɑ wɑcɑ hocca
egg om ɑɦum ɑɦum ɑum ɑum ohom
cow mɑmɑʃyɑ mɑmɑʃyɑ mɑmɑʃyɑ ʃyɑ ʃyɑ sja
buffalo meʃɑ meʃɑ meʃɑ meʃyɑ miʃyɑ bhəisi (IA loan)
milk olon olon olʌn nunu nunu nənu
horns nɑru nɑru nɑru nɑru nɑru ujuŋ
tail lime lime limek leme lime pitik
goat ʈuɽi ʈuɽi ʈuɽi culi culi mi chja
dog kucu kucu kucu kucu kucu a kja
snake rul rul rul rul rul pəi hu
monkey mɑkɑr mɑkɑr mɑkɑr yu yu pəi huk
mosquito ʈinini ʈinini ʈinini lʌkʰʌʈoʈo lɑmkʰuʈʈe lamkhuʈʈe (IA loan)
ant ʈiko ʈiku ʈiku cukku cuku anap
spider mɑkɑrpɑpɑ mɑkɑrpɑpɑ mɑkɑrpɑpɑ jrɑmpʰɑl jʌrɑmpɑl dzənna
name nɑme nɑme nɑme nɑme nɑme u men
man mi mi mi mi mi bal
woman cɑmɑicɑ cɑmɑicɑ cɑmɑicɑ cɑmɑicɑ cɑmɑicɑ mama
child ɦocɑ ucɑ ɦucɑ ɦuccɑ ɦucɑ uca
father ɑpɑ ɑpɑ ɑpɑ ɑpɑ ɑpɑ papa
mother ɑmɑ ɑmɑ ɑmɑ ɑmɑ ɑmɑ ama (IA loan)
older brother bubu bubu bubu bubu bubu dadze (IA loan)
younger brother ɦu ɦu ɦu ɦu ɦu ale
older sister tete tete tete tete tete didi (IA loan)
younger sister ɦumi ɦomi ɦumi ɦumi ɦu abi
son cɑ cɑ cɑ cɑ cɑ ucuwa
daughter cɑmɑi cɑmɑi cɑmɑi cɑmɑi cɑmɑi ucuməi
husband lɑwɑ ʈʰoɽe lɑwɑ lɑwɑ lɑwɑ ukəi
wife umɑ umɑ umɑ umɑ umɑ uməi
boy ʃɑrɑ ʃɑrɑ cɑɦucɑ ʃɑrɑ cɑ papaca
girl ʃɑrmɑ ʃɑrmɑ cɑmɑicɑ ʃyɑrmi cɑmɑi mamaca
day unise unise unise ʃyɑŋ unise unis
night ʈɑɦe ʈɑɦe ʈɑe cyɑe cyɑ rat (IA loan)
morning bʌcinʈe bʌcinʈe bʌsinʈe bʌsinʈe bɑʃe hamdzaŋ
noon unise unise unise unise unise diuso (IA loan)
evening ŋyoɽiŋ ŋyoɽi ŋyʌɽiŋ nyõɽi cyɑtʰɑn hole
yesterday miryɑŋ miryɑŋ miryɑŋ merɡʰyɑŋ merɡʰyɑŋ minja
today yɑŋ yɑŋ yɑŋ yɑŋ yɑŋ təja
tomorrow bɑʈʈʰe bɑʈʈʰe bɑʈʰe bɑʃe bʰʌĩse hogei
week ɦʌptɑ ɦʌptɑ ɦʌptɑ loʔʃyɑŋ sɑtɑdin həpta (IA loan)
month mʌinɑ mʌinɑ mʌɦine sumcpʃyɑŋ mʌinɑ məina (IA loan)
year kɑle kɑle kɑle dɑrɑ bʌrsʌ bərsə (IA loan)
old kʰɑru kʰɑru kʰɑru kʰɑru kʰɑru cəŋpa
new nɑke nɑke nɑkɑ nɑkɑ nɑkɑ kawoi
good ɑprɑ ɑprɑ ɑprɑ kʌstɑ ɑprɑ kisen
bad mɑʔɑprɑ mɑʔɑprɑ ɦijebɑ mɑjɑdu mɑʔɑprɑ məsen
wet pʰodu pʰodu pʰodu pʰodu bʰijɑiŋɑn kjasun
dry ɡɑŋdu mɑpʰodu pʰʌŋpʰʌŋ gʌŋdu mɑbʰijɑi sukhkha (IA loan)
long ʌlʌmɡɑ ʌlʌmɡɑ ʌlʌmɡɑ ʌlʌmɡɑ ʌlʌmɡɑ alok
short ucʰiɡɑ ucʰiɡɑ ucʰikɑ ucʰiɡɑ ucʰiɡɑ ikuri
hot ɑdum ɑdum ɑdum ɑdum ɑdum kewon
cold ʈilɑ ʈilɑ ɑjik iji cilɑŋɑn kjasun
right cɑkʰur cɑkʰur cɑkʰur cɑkʰur dɑɦine daine (IA loan)
left kʰolɑ kʰolɑ kʰolɑ kʰolɑ debre debre (IA loan)
near kʰer kʰer kʰerte kʰereŋ cʰeute igin
far ʌlʌmtʰɑ ʌlʌmtʰɑ ʌlʌmtʰɑ ʌlʌmtʰɑ ɑlɑmtʰɑ kalok
big jekʰɑ jekʰɑ jekʰɑ jekʰɑ jʰokɑ alam
small ucyɑ ucyɑ ucɑcɑ ucyɑncɑ ecenɑ ikine
heavy ɡʌruŋ ɡʌruŋ ɡɑnunidu gʌrum ɡʌruŋ gegruŋ (IA loan)
light ɦʌluŋ ɦʌluŋ pʰinpʰincɑ ɦʌluŋ ɦʌluŋ həlka (IA loan)
above ɦyute ɦyute ɦyute ɦyute ɦyobbi khuŋ
below nʰɑte nʰɑte nʰɑte nʰɑnɑi nɑbi hjaŋ
white ubo ubo ubo ubo obo gjabo
black kiji kiji kiji kiji kiji ciliŋ
red ɖiŋɖiŋ ɖiŋɖiŋ ɖiŋɖiŋ ɖiŋɖiŋ keret phəija
one di di di di de de
two nis nis nis nis nis nis
three sum sum sum sum sum som
four oli oli oli oli wɑli car (IA loan)
five wɑlŋɑ wɑlŋɑ wɑlŋɑ wɑ̃lɑ hwɑlŋɑ pãc (IA loan)
six mɑt mɑt mɑt mʌt mɑt chə (IA loan)
seven rɑ rɑ ro lo ɽo sat (IA loan)
eight lɑ lɑ lɑ lɑ lɑ aʈh (IA loan)
nine kit kit kyut kit kit nəu
ten dicip dicip dicip dicip dʰicip dəs
eleven dicipdi dicipdi dicipdi dicipdi dʰicipde egharə
twelve dicipnis dicipnis dicipnis dicipnis dʰicipnis barə
twenty nisdicip nisdicip nisdicip nisdicip nisdʰicip bis
one hundred dicipdicip dicipdicip dicipdicip dicipdicip dʰicipdʰicip de səe (IA loan)
who su su su su su su
what ɦɑrɑ ɦɑrɑ ɦɑrɑ ɦɑrɑ ɦɑrɑ hai
where kutɑ kutɑ kutɑ kutɑ kutɑ kuni
when kutɑleŋ kutɑleŋ kutɑleŋ kutɑleŋ ɦɑŋgɑlyɑŋ kəile
how many ɦɑni ɦɑni ɦɑni ɦɑ̃lĩ ɦɑi kwa
which kundu kundu kundu kundu kundu kun
this kɑ kɑ kɑ kɑ kɑ jo
that to to to dʰɑ to tjo
these kɑbɑŋ kɑbɑŋ kɑbɑŋ kʌpʌliŋ kɑbɑli jibaŋ
those tobɑŋ tobɑŋ tobɑŋ topʌliŋ tobɑŋ ubaŋ
same to to to to to ui
different bʰindʌi bʰindʌi beɡɑle toŋɑkɑ pʰʌrʌk phərək (IA loan)
whole sɑkkʰɑle sɑkʰɑle sɑkɑle sɑkɑle sʌkkʰɑli səbəi (IA loan)
broken kwɑdu kwɑʔdu kwɑɡdu ʈʰemɑn cʰyomdu kipak
few ucʰincɑ ucʰincɑ ucʰin ucʰincɑ icʰini jurse
many ɑɦe ɑɦe ɑɦe ɑɦe ɑɦe dherəi (IA loan)
all sɑkkʰɑle sɑkʰɑle sɑkɑle sɑkɑle sʌkkʰɑli səpəi (IA loan)
eat cyɑsɑ cyɑsɑ cyɑsɑ cyɑsɑ cyɑsɑ cago
bite ceʔsɑ ceʔsɑ ceksɑ ceʔsɑ ceʔsɑ aŋakko
hungry krɑisɑ krɑisɑ kʌrɑisɑ krʌisɑ isɑkɑrɑinɑn hego
drink tunsɑ tunsɑ tunsɑ tuncʰɑ tuncʰɑ sjaŋgo
thirsty lɑkɑisɑ lɑkɑisɑ lɑkɑsɑ lɑkɑŋsɑ lɑkɑinɑn əs kago
sleep ɑmisɑ ɑmisɑ ɑmisɑ ɑmisɑ ɑmisɑ nago
lie pʌlʈʌisisɑ pʌlʈʌisisɑ pʌlʈʌisɑ bliŋsɑ pʌlʈʌisisɑ ləllumgo
sit ɦoʔsɑ ɦoʔsɑ ɦoksɑ ɦoʔsɑ ɦoʔsɑ hukko
give piʔsɑ piʔsɑ pisɑ piʔsɑ piccʰɑ pigo
burn cieʔsɑ jousɑ jyoksɑ joʔsɑ jyʌusɑ cimakko
die sisɑ sisɑ sisɑ sisɑ sisɑ sigo
kill sɑtcʰɑ sɑtcʰɑ sɑtcʰɑ sʌtcʰɑ sɑccʰɑ sat ko
fly persɑ persɑ persɑ persɑ persɑ ublego
walk cɑwɑsɑ cɑwɑsɑ cɑwɑsɑ cɑwɑsɑ cɑwɑsɑ dzjogo
run droʔsɑ droʔsɑ droksɑ droʔsɑ dorʌsɑ gəbango
go ɦensɑ ɦensɑ ɦensɑ ɦensɑ ɦensɑ jago
come rɑʔsɑ rɑʔsɑ rɑsɑ rɑʔsɑ rɑʔsɑ təigo
speak cijyɑŋsɑ cijyɑŋsɑ cijyɑŋsɑ cijyɑŋsɑ cijɑŋsɑ khəlago
hear/listen nɑsɑisɑ nɑsɑisɑ nɑsɑisɑ nɑsɑisɑ nɑsɑisɑ nago
look yoʔsɑ yoʔsɑ yosɑ jyɑpsɑ jyɑpsɑ ni go
I ɡɑi ɡɑi ɡɑi ɡʌi ɡɑi ŋa
you (informal) nɑŋ nɑŋ nɑŋ nʌŋ nɑŋ nuŋ
you (formal) nɑŋtʰe nɑŋtʰe nɑŋkʰe nʌŋ nɑŋ nuŋ
he to to to to to u (IA loan)
she to to to to to u
we (inclusive) ni ni ni ni tʰe niru
we (exclusive) ni ni ni ni tʰe niru
you (plural) niŋpɑli niŋpɑli niŋ nʌŋpɑliŋ nʌŋpɑli tibaŋ
they tobɑŋ tobɑŋ tobɑŋ topɑliŋ topɑliŋ ubaŋ

參考文獻

  1. ^ 唐米语于《民族语》的链接（第18版，2015年）
  2. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (编). Thangmi. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016. 
  3. ^ Turin, Mark. The Thangmi Verbal Agreement System and the Kiranti Connection. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 1998, 61 (3): 476–491 [2024-06-27]. doi:10.1017/s0041977x00019303. （原始内容存档于2023-02-19）. 
  4. ^ Script Devanagari (Nagari). [2024-06-27]. （原始内容存档于2017-07-02）. 
  5. ^ Regmi, Dan Raj, Gopal Thakur, and Shobha Kumari Mahato. 2014. A sociolinguistic survey of Thami （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Linguistic Survey of Nepal (LinSuN), Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal.
  6. ^ Kansakar, Tej Ratna. 2010. Baram wordlist （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. (unpublished ms. contributed to STEDT).

延伸阅读

  • Saxena, A. (Ed.). (2004). Himalayan languages: past and present (Vol. 149). Walter de Gruyter.
  • Turin, Mark. The Thangmi Verbal Agreement System and the Kiranti Connection. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 1998, 61 (3): 476–491 [2024-06-27]. doi:10.1017/s0041977x00019303. （原始内容存档于2023-02-19）. 
  • Turin, M. Voices of vanishing worlds: Endangered languages, orality, and cognition. Análise Social. 2012, 47 (205): 846–869. 
  • Bradley, D. [Review of A Grammar of the Thangmi Language: With an Ethnographic Introduction to the Speakers and Their Culture. Brill's Tibetan Studies Library 5/6].. Anthropological Linguistics. 2012, 54 (3): 302–305. S2CID 144836849. doi:10.1353/anl.2012.0014. 
  • Shneiderman, S. B. The formation of political consciousness in rural Nepal. Dialectical Anthropology. 2009, 33 (3/4): 287–308. S2CID 42405766. doi:10.1007/s10624-009-9129-2. 
  • Shneiderman, S.; Turin, M. Thangmi, Thami, Thani? Remembering a Forgotten People. Himalayan Culture. 2000, 5 (1): 4–20. 
  • Turin, M. By way of incest and the golden deer: how the Thangmi came to be and the pitfalls of oral history. Journal of Nepalese Studies. 1999, 3 (1): 13–19. 
  • Shneiderman, S. B. (2009). Rituals of ethnicity: Migration, mixture, and the making of Thangmi identity across Himalayan borders (Doctoral dissertation, Cornell University).
  • Sara, S. (2015). Epilogue: Thami ke ho?What Is Thami?. In, Rituals of Ethnicity : Thangmi Identities Between Nepal and India (p. 252). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Sara, S. (2015). 3. Origin Myths and Myths of Originality. In, Rituals of Ethnicity : Thangmi Identities Between Nepal and India (p. 61). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Grierson, G. A. (1909). Tibeto-Burman Family: General Introduction, Specimens of the Tibetan Dialects, the Himalayan Dialects, and the North Assam group. (Linguistic Survey of India, III(I).) Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing. 669pp.
  • Shneiderman, S. (2010). ‘Producing’ Thangmi Ritual Texts: Practice, performance and collaboration. In Imogen Gunn and Mark Turin (eds.) Language Documentation and Description, Vol 8, 159–174 London: SOAS.
  • Turin, M. (2011). Languages of the Greater Himalayan Region, Volume 6: A Grammar of the Thangmi Language (2 vols): With an Ethnolinguistic Introduction to the Speakers and Their Culture. Brill.

外部链接

Read other articles:

Brigate Garibaldi

Brigate GaribaldiBandiera delle Brigate Garibaldi (tricolore italiano con stella rossa) Descrizione generaleAttivasettembre 1943 - maggio 1945 Nazione Italia ServizioPartito Comunista ItalianoComitato di Liberazione Nazionale TipoBrigate partigiane ObiettivoSconfitta dei paesi dell'Asse Battaglie/guerreSeconda guerra mondialeResistenza italiana Parte diComando generale Brigate GaribaldiCorpo Volontari della LibertàComitato di Liberazione Nazionale ComandantiDegni di notaLuigi LongoPietr...

 

WHBQ-TV

Fox affiliate in Memphis, Tennessee WHBQ-TVMemphis, TennesseeUnited StatesChannelsDigital: 13 (VHF)Virtual: 13BrandingFox 13ProgrammingAffiliations13.1: Fox13.2: Heroes & Icons13.3: Ion MysteryOwnershipOwnerImagicomm Communications(Imagicomm Memphis, LLC)HistoryFirst air dateSeptember 27, 1953 (70 years ago) (1953-09-27)Former channel number(s)Analog: 13 (VHF, 1953–2009)Digital: 53 (UHF, 1999–2009)Former affiliationsCBS (1953–1956)ABC (secondary 1953–1956, primary 19...

 

Asbury Park Convention Hall

Indoor exhibition center in New Jersey, United States Asbury Park Convention HallAddress1300 Ocean AvenueLocationAsbury Park, New JerseyPublic transitNJ Transit at Asbury Park station   North Jersey Coast Line NJT Bus: 832, 837 Asbury Park Convention HallU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesNew Jersey Register of Historic Places Show map of Monmouth County, New JerseyShow map of New JerseyShow map of the United StatesLocationOcean Avenue, Asbury Park, New JerseyCoordinates40°13...

Smart

‌ Cet article concerne l'entreprise et marque allemande connue sous le nom de Smart. Pour les autres significations, voir Smart (homonymie). smart smart #3 Création avril 1994 à Bienne Fondateurs Nicolas Hayek Forme juridique Société par actions simplifiée Siège social Ningbo Chine Direction Tong Xiangbei Actionnaires Geely[1]Mercedes-Benz Group[1] Activité Construction de véhicules automobiles Société mère Mercedes-Benz Group Effectif 790 en 2018 SIREN 403 119 431 Site ...

 

Rumpun bahasa Polinesia

Cari artikel bahasa  Cari berdasarkan kode ISO 639 (Uji coba)   Cari berdasarkan nilai Glottolog   Kolom pencarian ini hanya didukung oleh beberapa antarmuka Halaman rumpun acak Rumpun bahasaRumpun bahasa PolinesiaPersebaranPolinesiaPenggolongan bahasaAustronesiaMelayu-PolynesiaOseanikPasifik TengahPolinesia-Fiji TimurRumpun bahasa Polinesia Tongik Polinesia Inti Bahasa indukProto-PolinesiaKode bahasaGlottologpoly1242Lokasi penuturanRumpun bahasa Pasifik Tengahwilayah berbahas...

 

Trinity College, Cambridge

Constituent college of the University of Cambridge in England Not to be confused with Trinity Hall, Cambridge. Trinity CollegeUniversity of CambridgeTrinity College Great Court Scarf colours: navy, with three equally-spaced narrow stripes, the outer stripes of yellow and slightly narrower, the central stripe of red and slightly wider Trinity College scarfCoat of arms of Trinity CollegeArms: Argent, a chevron between three roses gules barbed and seeded proper and on a chief gules a lion passan...

SMA Negeri 8 Bandung

SMA Negeri 8 BandungInformasiDidirikan1 Januari 1966JenisSekolah NegeriAkreditasiA[1] ISO:9001:2008, No. 13/02442Nomor Statistik Sekolah301026013086Nomor Pokok Sekolah Nasional20219326[2]MaskotJurasik, MuralKepala SekolahDedi Mulyawan, S.Pd. (sekarang)Jurusan atau peminatanIPA dan IPSRentang kelasX MIPA, X IPS, XI MIPA, XI IPS, XII MIPA, XII IPSKurikulumKurikulum 2013‎NEM terendah344,00 (Dalam Wilayah 2015) 371,00 (Luar Wilayah 2015)NEM tertinggi385,00 (2015)Nilai masuk...

 

Université Yale

« Yale » redirige ici. Pour les autres significations, voir Yale (homonymie). Pour les articles homonymes, voir Yu. Université YaleHistoireFondation 1701StatutType Université privéeNom officiel Yale UniversityRégime linguistique AnglaisPrésident Peter Salovey (en)Devise אורים ותמיםLux et veritas (Lumière et Vérité)Membre de Ivy League, AAUSite web www.yale.eduChiffres-clésÉtudiants 11 250Effectif 3 619LocalisationPays États-UnisCampus 411 ha (t...

 

Новотитаровское сельское поселение

Сельское поселение России (МО 2-го уровня)Новотитаровское сельское поселение Флаг[d] Герб 45°14′09″ с. ш. 38°58′16″ в. д.HGЯO Страна  Россия Субъект РФ Краснодарский край Район Динской Включает 4 населённых пункта Адм. центр Новотитаровская Глава сельского пос�...

Moisés (footballer, born 1948)

Brazilian footballer and manager Moisés Personal informationFull name Moisés Matias de AndradeDate of birth (1948-01-10)January 10, 1948Place of birth Resende, BrazilDate of death August 26, 2008(2008-08-26) (aged 60)Place of death Rio de Janeiro, BrazilPosition(s) DefenderSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)1966–1968 Bonsucesso 1968 Flamengo 1968 Bonsucesso 1969–1971 Botafogo 1971–1976 Vasco da Gama 220[1] (3)1976–1978 Corinthians 122 (0)1978 Paris Saint-Germain 1978 Fl...

 

Chinese Canadians in Greater Vancouver

Overview of Chinese Canadians in Greater Vancouver Part of a series onEthnicity in Vancouver Chinese Germans Indians/South Asians Jews and Judaism Skwxwu7mesh (Squamish) Hwmethkwyem (Musqueam) Kwantlen Katzie Kwikwetlem vte Chinese Canadians are a sizable part of the population in Greater Vancouver, especially in the Chinese communities in the city of Vancouver and the adjoining suburban city of Richmond. The legacy of Chinese immigration is prevalent throughout the Vancouver area.[1]...

 

Rozewie, Pomeranian Voivodeship

See also: Cape Rozewie Village in Pomeranian Voivodeship, PolandRozewieVillageLighthouseRozewieCoordinates: 54°49′47″N 18°20′09″E / 54.82972°N 18.33583°E / 54.82972; 18.33583Country PolandVoivodeshipPomeranianCountyPuckGminaWładysławowoPopulation323 Rozewie is a village on the south coast of the Baltic Sea in the Kashubia, in the administrative district of Gmina Władysławowo, within Puck County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies a...

IBM Power Systems

Line of computer servers from IBM IBM Power SystemsIBM Power S822LCAlso known asIBM Power (2008–2009)ManufacturerInternational Business Machines Corporation (IBM)Release dateApril 2, 2008; 16 years ago (2008-04-02)Operating systemAIX, IBM i, Linux on Power[1]CPUIBM PowerPredecessorIBM System i, IBM System pWebsiteOfficial website POWER, PowerPC, and Power ISA architectures NXP (formerly Freescale and Motorola) PowerPC e series (2006) e200 e300 e500 e600 e5500 e6500...

 

Association of Conservative Clubs

For the gentlemen's club in London, see Conservative Club. A Conservative club in Pontefract, West Yorkshire The Association of Conservative Clubs is an organisation associated with the Conservative Party in the United Kingdom. It represents and provides support to the largest association of political clubs in the country estimated at 1,100. The Association of Conservative Clubs was formed in 1894.[1] Its objects are to assist and encourage the formation of clubs and to support the pr...

 

Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology

Government agency in the Philippines Philippine Institute of Volcanology and SeismologySurian ng Pilipinas sa Bulkanolohiya at SismolohiyaAgency overviewFormedSeptember 17, 1982(41 years ago) (1982-09-17)Preceding agenciesCommission on Volcanology (COMVOL)Philippine Institute of Volcanology (PHIVOLC)JurisdictionPhilippinesHeadquartersC.P. Garcia Avenue, UP Campus, Diliman, Quezon City14°39′6.94″N 121°3′30.68″E / 14.6519278°N 121.0585222°E / 14.651...

Samsung SGH-X200

Mobile phone model Samsung SGH-X200ManufacturerSamsung ElectronicsCompatible networksTri Band (GSM 900 / 1800 / 1900 MHz)[1]Form factorclamshell[1]Dimensions85 X 43.5 X 19.8 mm[1]Mass77 g[1]Battery800 mAh Li-lon[1]External display128 X 160 px[1] LCD 65k colors[2]ConnectivityIrDA[3] The SGH-X200 is a mobile phone from Samsung. The phone focuses on being small and light rather than on advanced features like camera and music. The ph...

 

Suku Tobati

TobatiTobati-EnggrosYoutefa TobatiJumlah populasi100[1]Daerah dengan populasi signifikanPapua (Kota Jayapura)BahasaTobati, Melayu Papua, dan IndonesiaAgamaKristen, Islam[1]Kelompok etnik terkaitEnggros • Nafri • Sentani Suku Tobati (atau disebut juga Tobati-Enggros; dikenal juga sebagai Youtefa Tobati) adalah kelompok etnis yang mendiami Kota Jayapura, Indonesia.[2] Suku Tobati mendiami pesisir Teluk Youtefa seluas 1.675 ha yang termasuk di wilayah distri...

 

Televisión Española

Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat TVE. Televisión EspañolaJenisJaringan televisiNegara SpanyolKetersediaanNasional dan internasionalTanggal peluncuran28 Oktober 1956 (1956-10-28)Kantor pusatMadrid,  SpanyolPemilikTelevisión Española, S.A.Induk perusahaanRTVETokoh kunciSantiago González (Ketua)Format gambar480i (SD)Situs webhttp://www.rtve.es Televisión Española adalah stasiun televisi nasional milik negara di Spanyol. TVE milik RTVE Corporation yang memiliki tanggung jawab kese...

Castelnuovo di Conza

Questa voce o sezione sull'argomento centri abitati della Campania non cita le fonti necessarie o quelle presenti sono insufficienti. Puoi migliorare questa voce aggiungendo citazioni da fonti attendibili secondo le linee guida sull'uso delle fonti. Castelnuovo di Conzacomune Castelnuovo di Conza – Veduta LocalizzazioneStato Italia Regione Campania Provincia Salerno AmministrazioneSindacoFrancesco Di Geronimo (lista civica Uniti per Castelnuovo) dal 27-5-2019 ...

 

Champadanga

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Champadanga – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Town in West Bengal, IndiaChampadangaTownChampadangaLocation in West Bengal, IndiaShow map of West BengalChampadangaChampadanga (India)Show ma...