哈耳庇厄

乌利塞·阿尔德罗万迪所著《怪事奇谭》一书中哈耳庇厄的插图

哈耳庇厄鷹身女妖[1]古希腊语ρπυια複數ρπυιαι,字面意思为“强盗,贼”;派生自希腊语单词ρπαξ,意为“抢夺”[2]),希腊神话中的一种怪物

谱系

通常认为,哈耳庇厄是海神陶玛斯大洋神女厄勒克特拉所生(因此是彩虹女神伊里斯的姐妹);[3]也有说法认为它们是堤丰厄客德娜所生。哈耳庇厄的数量不确定,在1至5个之间。荷马只提到过一个波达耳革Ποδάργη,意为“捷足者”),它为阿喀琉斯生了两匹神马当坐骑。[4]赫西俄德在《神谱》中则说哈耳庇厄有两个:埃罗(又名尼科托厄)和俄库珀忒,没有波达耳革。另一些神话提到了第四个哈耳庇厄:刻莱诺(一说刻莱诺即波达耳革)。它们的名字各有含义,埃罗Άελλα)意为“疾风”[5]俄库珀忒Ωκυπέτη)意为“飞快的翅膀”[6],刻莱诺(Κελαινό)意为“黑暗”[7]。这些名字表明哈耳庇厄的性质与有关;它们的配偶(仄费洛斯)也是风神。此外,还有神话提到过第五个哈耳庇厄:阿厄洛珀(Αερόπη)。

简介

瓶画:玻瑞阿代兄弟(有翼者)解救菲纽斯

赫西俄德所描写的哈耳庇厄并非十分丑恶的生物,《神谱》中称它们为“有可爱头发的”。[8]后来(主要是在菲纽斯故事中)它们的形象则发展为丑陋的怪物:长着女人的头,却有着秃鹫的身体、翅膀和利爪,而且性格残忍、凶恶。

哈耳庇厄不仅丑陋而且污秽。关于它们的神话中最著名的就是菲纽斯神话。色雷斯国王菲纽斯拥有预言的能力,结果因泄露天机太多而激怒了宙斯。众神诅咒他,使他在一座荒岛上遭受永久的饥饿,眼前有丰富的食物却吃不到。每当菲纽斯想吃东西时,哈耳庇厄就飞过来抢夺他的食物,再往剩下的食物上排放粪便,最后逃之夭夭。哈耳庇厄速度奇快,来得突然,一眨眼又飞得无影无踪。后来伊阿宋率领阿耳戈船英雄寻找金羊毛时路过此岛,其中的玻瑞阿代兄弟帮助菲纽斯把哈耳庇厄赶走,才解救了这个不幸的人。

玻瑞阿代兄弟(厄忒斯卡拉伊斯)是北风神玻瑞阿斯的一对孪生子,也是菲纽斯的妻兄,他们长有翅膀可以飞翔。关于玻瑞阿代兄弟如何驱赶哈耳庇厄,有几种不同说法。一种说法说神谕显示哈耳庇厄只有被玻瑞阿代兄弟抓住才会死,而如果玻瑞阿代兄弟抓不住哈耳庇厄,他们自己就会死。厄忒斯和卡拉伊斯遂穷追哈耳庇厄,但未能抓住,结果在返回途中死去。[9]更常见的说法是,哈耳庇厄在两兄弟追赶下仓皇逃窜,其中一只落入河中,该河遂得名哈耳庇斯河;另一只则逃到了厄喀那得斯岛(后改名为斯特洛法得斯岛,即今希腊斯特罗法泽斯群岛)。这时彩虹女神伊里斯突然出现在玻瑞阿代兄弟面前,宣布说宙斯不允许杀死哈耳庇厄;而哈耳庇厄为了保命,也许诺不再骚扰菲纽斯,并避居到克里特岛的洞穴里去。为了向英雄们表示感谢,菲纽斯告诉了他们安全通过蓬托斯海入口处的撞岩的方法。[10]

哈耳庇厄也出现在潘达瑞俄斯的神话中。潘达瑞俄斯偷走瑞亚(宙斯之母)派去看护年幼宙斯的金狗,因而遭到众神的严惩。哈耳庇厄受宙斯之命拐走了潘达瑞俄斯的女儿们。另一说,在潘达瑞俄斯被宙斯殛死后,阿佛罗狄忒打算为他的女儿安排婚事,但哈耳庇厄把她们劫到厄里倪厄斯诸女神那里当奴仆。[11]后来便有神话把哈耳庇厄描写为神圣的复仇者;它们拐走儿童,把有罪之人的灵魂带往塔耳塔洛斯,并在路上折磨他们。

罗马神话中,埃涅阿斯特洛伊陷落后带领族人逃往意大利时,曾路过哈耳庇厄居住的斯特洛法得斯岛,同样遭到了它们的骚扰。哈耳庇厄不断抢走特洛伊人的食物,其中的刻莱诺更是诅咒说特洛伊人最后会饿得吃掉他们的桌子。特洛伊人恐惧地逃离了斯特洛法得斯岛。[12]但丁在《神曲》地狱篇第十三章中提到了哈耳庇厄恐吓特洛伊人的故事:

    “那些丑恶的哈尔比正是在这里筑巢做窝,
       她们曾把特洛伊人赶出斯特洛法德斯岛,
       因为她们对他们的未来做出不祥的预告。
       她们有宽大的翅膀,有人形的脖颈和面庞,
       她们双脚带钩,硕大的肚皮长满羽毛;
       她们栖息在怪异的树木上发出凄厉的吼叫。”

在但丁笔下,哈耳庇厄的职责是惩罚自杀者的灵魂。[13]

中世纪欧洲,哈耳庇厄是骑士纹章上常见的图案,尤其流行于东弗里西亚地区。

后代

在希腊神话中,哈耳庇厄曾与风神仄费洛斯结合,并生下两对神马。其中一对是阿喀琉斯所骑的克珊托斯巴利俄斯(据荷马说,它们都是波达耳革所生),[14]另一对是狄俄斯库里兄弟双子星座)的坐骑佛罗勒俄斯哈耳帕革斯。这四匹马全都跑得像风一样快,而克珊托斯更是被赫拉赐予了说话和预言的能力。

神话学解释

从哈耳庇厄的名字和相关神话来看,它们可能是奥林波斯教出现以前就有的古老神祇,最可能是掌管旋风的女神。后来它们的地位被奥林波斯神系所排挤,遂逐渐演化为怪物的形态。哈耳庇厄的形象特点接近于代蒙,大概反映了古老的万物有灵思想的残余。海妖塞壬也经历了同样的演化过程:她们最初可能是前奥林波斯教时期的海神,后来被奥林波斯神取代并变成了邪恶的精灵。[15]

吕基亚(今土耳其境内)的克珊托斯城遗址附近发现了所谓哈耳庇厄墓,上面有鸟身女人头的动物的形象。[16]

注释

  1. ^ 神话学中的另一译名为美人鸟;在通俗文化(如电子游戏电影)中则常被译为“鸟身女妖”。
  2. ^ 來自動詞ἁρπάζειν(词根為ἁρπάζω),“抓、奪取”
  3. ^ 赫西俄德,《神谱》
  4. ^ 荷马,《伊利亚特》,XVI
  5. ^ ἄελλα,“暴風”
  6. ^ ὠκυπέτης,“飛的很快、跑的很快”
  7. ^ κελαινός,“黑色”
  8. ^ 这是一个称号或比喻,如同形容赫拉为“白臂”,阿喀琉斯为“捷足的”等。
  9. ^ 《古希腊罗马神话鉴赏辞典》,114页
  10. ^ 阿波罗尼俄斯·罗狄俄斯阿耳戈英雄记,II;奥维德,XIII,710;维吉尔,III,211,245
  11. ^ 荷马,《奥德修纪》,XX
  12. ^ 维吉尔,《埃涅伊德》,III
  13. ^ 但丁,《神曲》,地狱篇,XIII
  14. ^ 荷马,《伊利亚特》,XVI
  15. ^ 《世界神话辞典》,717页;《神话辞典》,132页
  16. ^ 《世界神话辞典》,717页

资料来源

  • 《神话辞典》,(苏联)M·H·鲍特文尼克等,统一书号:2017·304
  • 《世界神话辞典》,辽宁人民出版社,ISBN 7-205-00960-X
  • 《古希腊罗马神话鉴赏辞典》,吉林出版社,ISBN 7-206-04846-3

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