史蒂芬·阿諾·道格拉斯

史蒂芬·A·道格拉斯
Stephen A. Douglas
伊利诺伊州聯邦參議員
任期
1847年3月4日—1861年6月3日
前任James Semple英语James Semple
继任Orville H. Browning英语Orville H. Browning
美国众议院议员
来自伊利诺伊州第5选区
任期
1843年3月4日—1847年3月3日
前任選區新設
继任威廉·理察森英语William Alexander Richardson
第7任伊利诺伊州州務卿英语Illinois Secretary of State
任期
1840年—1841年
州长托馬斯·卡林英语Thomas Carlin
前任Alexander Pope Field英语Alexander Pope Field
继任Lyman Trumbull英语Lyman Trumbull
个人资料
出生Stephen Arnold Douglas
1813年4月23日
美国佛蒙特州布蘭登英语Brandon, Vermont
逝世1861年6月3日(1861歲—06—03)(48歲)
 美利堅合眾國伊利诺伊州芝加哥
政党民主党
配偶Martha Martin
Adele Cutts
签名

史蒂芬·阿諾·道格拉斯(英語:Stephen Arnold Douglas,1813年4月23日—1861年6月3日),美国佛蒙特州布蘭登英语Brandon, Vermont人,是一名民主黨籍的政治家。道格拉斯曾任聯邦眾議員聯邦參議員,也是內布拉斯加法案的設計者,並曾在1860年代表民主黨參選美國總統,但敗於共和黨亞伯拉罕·林肯。道格拉斯先前在1858年伊利诺伊州参议员选举英语1858–59 United States Senate elections与林肯的辩论中战胜了他。他曾推动通过了1850年妥协案来防止蓄奴问题导致更大的南北区域分歧。道格拉斯坚持倡导人民主权,认为美国领地蓄奴与否的问题应自行解决、而不受到联邦干涉。该立场同时被蓄奴主义者英语proslavery廢奴主義者反对。由于其较小的体型和具有影响力的政治地位,道格拉斯常被称为“小巨人”(英语:Little Giant)。

职业生涯

1860年总统选举

提名

道格拉斯在1858年重新胜选参议员巩固了他在民主党党内获取1860年美国总统选举提名的可能。他的支持者主要来自北方和中西部,而如亚历山大·史蒂芬斯的一些亲联邦南方政客也同意他的主张[1]。道格拉斯和时任总统詹姆斯·布坎南不合,而他的弗里波特主义英语Freeport Doctrine主张则让更多南方参议员对其反感。在第36届美国国会英语36th United States Congress中,布坎南联合其南方盟友豁免了道格拉斯的议院领土委员会英语United States House Committee on Territories主席的职位。道格拉斯协助阻止了通过联邦奴隶条款,而后他建立农业赠地大学的法案被布坎南否决[1]

后续

选举结束后,道格拉斯重返参议院,致力于防止美国分裂。他加入了由约翰·J·克里滕登领导的十三名参议员组成的特别委员会,寻求通过立法手段解决南北之间日益加剧的地区紧张局势。他支持克里滕登妥协案,该妥协案呼吁进行一系列宪法修正案,将密苏里妥协案写入宪法,但克里滕登妥协案在委员会中被共和党人和南方极端分子联手否决。1860年圣诞节,道格拉斯写信给亚历山大·H·斯蒂芬斯,表示支持吞并墨西哥作为奴隶领地,以避免分裂。南卡罗来纳州于1860年12月20日投票决定脱离联邦,到1月中旬,其他五个南方州也做出了同样的决定。1861年2月,杰斐逊·戴维斯就任美利坚联盟国总统,该联盟国由几个决定脱离美国的南方州组成。

道格拉斯希望当选总统林肯支持1861年和会,这是阻止分裂的另一次尝试,但没有成功。林肯不愿意支持这次会议,尽管道格拉斯称他与林肯的会面“特别愉快”。作为长期反对保护主义的人,他投票反对莫里尔关税,而是呼吁与加拿大、墨西哥、古巴和中美洲建立关税同盟。道格拉斯称赞林肯的第一次就职演说,称其为“向南方发出的和平信号,而非战争信息”。

1861年4月,在南方军队袭击萨姆特堡后,林肯决定宣布叛乱状态,并呼吁75,000名士兵镇压叛乱。道格拉斯与林肯私下会面,在公告发布前审阅并批准了公告。他只提出了一个修改意见:林肯应该征召20万军队,而不仅仅是7万5千(事实上,当时法律规定林肯只能征召7万5千)。他对一位朋友说:“我认识林肯先生的时间比你或这个国家都要长。他会没事的,我们都会支持他。” 4 月下旬,道格拉斯离开华盛顿前往中西部,在那里他为联邦事业争取支持。

1861年5月,道格拉斯病倒,卧床不起。尽管他的同伴最初预计他会很快康复,但道格拉斯却感染了伤寒并造成了其他的并发症,最终于6月3日去世,年仅48岁,此日恰逢南北战争第一场冲突腓立比战役爆发。

註釋

參考文獻

延伸閱讀

  • Barbee, David R., and Milledge L. Bonham, Jr. "The Montgomery Address of Stephen A. Douglas," Journal of Southern History, Vol. 5, No. 4 (Nov., 1939), pp. 527–552 in JSTOR页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  • Bordewich, Fergus M. America's Great Debate: Henry Clay, Stephen A. Douglas, and the Compromise That Preserved the Union (2012) excerpt and text search页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  • Capers, Gerald M. Stephen A. Douglas: Defender of the Union (1959), short biography
  • Childers, Christopher. "Interpreting Popular Sovereignty: A Historiographical Essay," Civil War History Volume 57, Number 1, March 2011 pp. 48–70 in Project MUSE
  • Clinton, Anita Watkins. "Stephen Arnold Douglas - His Mississippi Experience" Journal of Mississippi History 1988 50(2): 56-88.
  • Dean; Eric T., Jr. "Stephen A. Douglas and Popular Sovereignty" Historian 1995 57(4): 733-748 online version页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  • Egerton, Douglas R., Year of Meteors: Stephen Douglas, Abraham Lincoln, and the Election That Brought on the Civil War, Bloomsbury Press, 2010. more on the book页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  • Eyal, Yonatan. "With His Eyes Open: Stephen A. Douglas and the Kansas-Nebraska Disaster of 1854" Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 1998 91(4): 175-217. ISSN 1522-1067
  • Glickstein, Jonathan A., American exceptionalism, American anxiety: wages, competition, and degraded labor in the Antebellum United States; University of Virginia Press, (2002)
  • Hansen, Stephen and Nygard, Paul. "Stephen A. Douglas, the Know-nothings, and the Democratic Party in Illinois, 1854-1858" Illinois Historical Journal 1994 87(2): 109-130.
  • Huston, James L. "Democracy by Scripture versus Democracy by Process: A Reflection on Stephen A. Douglas and Popular Sovereignty." Civil War History. 43#1 (1997) pp: 189+. online version页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  • Huston, James L. "Stephen A. Douglas and the Dilemmas of Democratic Equality." Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2007.
  • Jaffa, Harry V. Crisis of the House Divided: An Interpretation of the Issues in the Lincoln-Douglas Debates. 1959. online version页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  • Johannsen, Robert W. Stephen A. Douglas (1973), 993pp
  • Johannsen, Robert W. The Frontier, the Union, and Stephen A. Douglas U. of Illinois Press, 1989.
  • McPherson, James M. Battle Cry of Freedom. Oxford Univ. Press, 1988. Standard modern history of the war.
  • Milton, George Fort. The Eve of Conflict: Stephen A. Douglas and the Needless War (1934), older scholarly biography
  • Morris, Roy, Jr., The Long Pursuit: Abraham Lincoln's Thirty-Year Struggle with Stephen Douglas for the Heart and Soul of America, HarperCollins Publishers, 2008.
  • Morrison, Michael A.Slavery and the American west: the eclipse of manifest destiny and the coming of the American Civil War University of North Carolina Press, (1997)
  • Nevins, Allan. Ordeal of the Union especially vol 1-4 (1947–63): Fruits of Manifest Destiny, 1847-1852; A House Dividing, 1852-1857; Douglas, Buchanan, and Party Chaos, 1857-1859; Prologue to Civil War, 1859-1861.
  • Nichols, Roy F. "The Kansas-Nebraska Act: A Century of Historiography", Mississippi Valley Historical Review 43 (1956): 187-212; JSTOR
  • Peck, Graham A. "Was Stephen A. Douglas Antislavery?," Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association, Summer 2005 online
  • Quitt, Martin H. "Stephen A. Douglas and Antebellum Democracy." (2012) New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Rhodes, James Ford. History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 (1920) vol 1-2, detailed narrative
  • Russel, Robert R. "What Was the Compromise of 1850?" Journal of Southern History 20 (1956): 292-309 in JSTOR
  • Russel, Robert R. "The Issues in the Congressional Struggle Over the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 1854," Journal of Southern History 29 (May 1963): 187-210; in JSTOR
  • Stevenson, James A. "Lincoln vs. Douglas over the Republican Ideal" American Studies 1994 35(1): 63-89
  • Zarefsky, David. Lincoln, Douglas, and Slavery: in the Crucible of Public Debate (1990). 309 pp

外部連結

官衔
前任者:
Alexander P. Field英语Alexander P. Field
伊利諾州州務卿
1840年–1841年
繼任者:
Lyman Trumbull英语Lyman Trumbull
美国众议院
前任者:
{{{before}}}
美國伊利諾州(第5選區)眾議員
1843年–1847年
繼任者:
William Alexander Richardson英语William Alexander Richardson
美国参议院
前任者:
James Semple
美國伊利諾州(第2選區)參議員
1847年3月4日 – 1861年6月3日
Sidney Breese, James Shields, Lyman Trumbull同時在任
繼任者:
Orville H. Browning
政党职务
前任者:
詹姆斯·布坎南
民主党總統參選人英语List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets¹
1860年
繼任者:
George McClellan
註解
1. The Democratic Party split in 1860, producing two presidential nominees. Douglas was nominated by Northern Democrats; John C. Breckinridge was nominated by Southern Democrats.

Template:Illinois Secretaries of State Template:USDemPresNominees Template:USSenIL Template:Lincoln–Douglas debates

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