^Malek, Jaromir. 2003. "The Old Kingdom (c. 2686–2160 BCE)". In The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, edited by Ian Shaw. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0192804587, p.83
^ 3.03.1Carl Roebuck, The World of Ancient Times, p. 56.
^Carl Roebuck, The World of Ancient Times, pp. 55 & 60.
^Toby A.H. Wilkinson, Early Dynastic Egypt, Routledge, 2001
^p.5, 'The Collins Encyclopedia of Military History' (4th edition, 1993), Dupuy & Dupuy.
^Miroslav Verner: Archaeological Remarks on the 4th and 5th Dynasty Chronology, Archiv Orientální, Volume 69: 2001
^Jean-Daniel Stanley; et al. Nile flow failure at the end of the Old Kingdom, Egypt: Strontium isotopic and petrologic evidence. Geoarchaeology. 2003, 18 (3): 395–402. doi:10.1002/gea.10065.
^Bothmer, Bernard. Brief Guide to the Department of Egyptian and Classical Art. Brooklyn, NY: Brooklyn Museum. 1974: 22.使用|accessdate=需要含有|url= (帮助)
Brewer, Douglas J. Ancient Egypt: Foundations of a Civilization. Harlow, UK: Pearson, 2005.
Callender, Gae. Egypt In the Old Kingdom: An Introduction. South Melbourne: Longman, 1998.
Kanawati, Naguib. Governmental Reforms In Old Kingdom Egypt. Warminster: Aris & Phillips,, 1980.
Kanawati, Naguib., and Alexandra Woods. Artists of the Old Kingdom: Techniques and Achievements. 1st English ed. Egypt: Supreme Council of Antiquities Press, 2009.
Lehner, Mark. The Complete Pyramids. London: Thames and Hudson, 1997.
Málek, Jaromír., and Werner Forman. In the Shadow of the Pyramids: Ancient Egypt During the Old Kingdom. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1986.
McFarlane, A., and Anna-Latifa Mourad. Behind the Scenes: Daily Life In Old Kingdom Egypt. North Ryde, N.S.W.: Australian Centre for Egyptology, 2012.
Metropolitan Museum of Art. Egyptian Art in the Age of the Pyramids. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1999.
Papazian, Hratch. Domain of Pharaoh: The Structure and Components of the Economy of Old Kingdom Egypt. Hildesheim: Gerstenberg, 2012.
Ryholt, Kim S. B. The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period c. 1800–1550 BC. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum, 1997.
Sowada, K., and Peter Grave. Egypt In the Eastern Mediterranean During the Old Kingdom: An Archaeological Perspective. Fribourg: Academic Press, 2009.
Strudwick, Nigel. The Administration of Egypt In the Old Kingdom: The Highest Titles and Their Holders. London: KPI, 1985.
Warden, Leslie Anne. Pottery and Economy In Old Kingdom Egypt. Boston: Brill, 2013.
Wilkinson, Toby. Early Dynastic Egypt. London: Routledge, 2001.