刹那(梵語:क्षण,羅馬化:kṣaṇa),佛教的名詞學術語,表示一念之間的极短的时间,也是古印度時間度量的单位,随著佛教传入中国。有一部份的人用作中文数字單位[1],現在对应国际单位制词头阿托10-18。
印度《摩訶僧祇律》记载:“須臾者,二十念名一瞬頃,二十瞬名一彈指,二十彈指名一羅豫,二十羅豫名一須臾。日極長時有十八須臾,夜極短時有十二須臾;夜極長時有十八須臾,日極短時有十二須臾”。一日一夜有30个须臾,1.2万个弹指,24万个“瞬间”,480万个“刹那”。推知“一刹那”是0.018秒。
據《大毘婆沙論》記載:“百二十剎那成一怛剎那。六十怛剎那成一臘縛,此有七千二百剎那。三十臘縛成一牟呼栗多,此有二百一十六千剎那。三十牟呼栗多成一晝夜”。一日一夜有30牟呼栗多,900臘縛,54,000怛刹那,6,480,000刹那。推知一刹那的時間長度是1/75秒(約為0.013秒)。《阿毘達磨俱舍論》有相似記載[2]。《起世經》記載:“六十剎那,名一羅婆。三十羅婆,名一牟休多。”[3]此「剎那」相當於上面的「怛剎那」。
据唐玄奘《大唐西域记》卷二:
在古印度,洛叉(百千)和俱胝(千萬)是有專門定義的計量單位[4],並有自成體系的記數制[5],例如八俱胝四十洛叉表示 8 × × --> 10 7 + 40 × × --> 10 5 {\displaystyle 8\times 10^{7}+40\times 10^{5}} 。在翻譯佛經時,有將俱胝或洛叉意譯為億[6],而億在古漢語中也有十萬和萬萬二種不同數量,古來學者多有辨析[7]。《安般守意經》记载:“彈指之間,心九百六十轉。一日一夕,十三億意。”按千萬為億,此一念時間約為0.665毫秒,一彈指約為0.638秒。
佛教經典中還有一些間接記載如《仁王護國般若波羅蜜多經》中提到:「一念中有九十剎那,一剎那經九百生滅」[8],又如《菩薩處胎經》:「拍手彈指之頃,三十二億百千念」[9]。有研究者自行結合此二經典,以「億百千」為實指的數量單位,按1秒內可平均4次彈指,则1秒內有 4 × × --> 32 × × --> 10 8 + 2 + 3 = 1.28 × × --> 10 15 {\displaystyle 4\times 32\times 10^{8+2+3}=1.28\times 10^{15}} 個念頭, 90 × × --> 1.28 × × --> 10 15 = 1.152 × × --> 10 17 {\displaystyle 90\times 1.28\times 10^{15}=1.152\times 10^{17}} 個剎那,因此一剎那大約有 8.6806 × × --> 10 − − --> 18 {\displaystyle 8.6806\times 10^{-18}} 秒,即8.6806個阿秒。
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