利兹

利兹
Leeds
市和都會自治市
從頂部順時針:利兹市政厅、購物中心Trinity Leeds、約克郡最高建築Bridgewater Place、利兹碼頭First Direct Arena.
格言:"Pro rege et lege" “For king and the law”
A map of England coloured pink showing the administrative subdivisions of the country. The Leeds metropolitan borough area is coloured red.
利兹在西約克郡的位置
坐标:53°47′59″N 1°32′57″W / 53.79972°N 1.54917°W / 53.79972; -1.54917
國家英國
構成國英格蘭
區域约克郡-亨伯
名譽郡西約克郡
Admin HQ利茲市中心
自治憲章1207年
政府
 • 类型都市自治市
 • Governing body利茲市議會
 • 市長Cllr Tom Murray (L)[1]
 • 議會領袖Cllr Keith Wakefield (L)
 • Chief ExecutiveTom Riordan
 • MPs:8人
面积
 • 市和都會自治市213 平方英里(551.72 平方公里)
 • 市區188.3 平方英里(487.8 平方公里)
海拔33–1,115 英尺(10–340 公尺)
人口(2022年中估計)
 • 市和都會自治市822,483(2)人
 • 市区1,777,934(全英第四)
 • 市区密度9,440人/平方英里(3,645人/平方公里)
 • 都會區2,302,000(全英第四)
时区格林尼治平時UTC+0
 • 夏时制英國夏令時間UTC+1
郵編LS和部分的WFBD
電話區號0113(都會中心)
01924 (Wakefield nos)
01937 (Wetherby/ Boston Spa)
01943 (Guiseley/ Otley)
01977 (Pontefract nos)
GVA2012
 - 總共£188億(全英第四)
 - 增長 0.4%
 - 人均£24,800(全英第七)
 - 增長 1.3%
ONS編碼00DA (ONS)
E08000035 (GSS)
NUTS 3UKE42
OS格網參考SE296338
歐洲議會约克郡-亨伯
網站www.leeds.gov.uk

利兹[4](英語:Leeds 聆聽i/ˈldz/),台湾译里兹,香港译列斯英國英格兰西约克郡的大城市。依傍艾尔河旁的利茲,利茲市是行政中樞所在地。2011年預計有757,700人[5][6],使其成為英國第三大城市[5][6]

利茲的歷史可以追溯到公元前五世紀的艾爾麥特王國英语Elmet,這個古王國的領土上有一片名為“Loidis”的森林,這即是“Leeds”一名的起源。隨後的數個世紀中統治者不斷更迭,13世紀形成現在的格局。17和18世紀的利茲是英國的羊毛生產交易中心。工業革命時發展成為工業城,亞麻織造、鑄鐵、印刷等漸漸取代了羊毛織造業的地位[7]

現在的利茲是Gamma級全球城市[8],是西約克郡都會區的文化、金融和商業中心[9][10][11][12]。利茲有四所大學,全市的學生人口超過了二十五萬。

历史

利玆穀物交易所

語源學

“Leeds”一名來覆蓋古王國艾爾麥特大部分地區的森林“Loidis”,這片森林存在於五世紀到七世紀早期[13]比德在《英吉利教會史》第十四章曾提到“Loidis”。利茲人在當地稱“Loiner”,這個詞的具體起源不詳[14]

早期

利茲早中世紀時代已有史實記載。當時利茲乃一個農產品交易市場,專門銷售羊毛製品[15]。十七世紀末利茲人口有一萬人,十八世紀末增至三萬人。1770年時利玆的出口額佔整個英格蘭的六分之一[16]。1699年和1816年分別有艾尔-科尔德通航运河利茲和利物浦運河建成[17]

1866年地图

工業革命期間,里茲開始成為工業城市。1834年開始有利玆和希爾比鐵路(Leeds and Selby Railway)貫通[18]。當时已有紡織業、化工、皮革和陶瓷,並且是採煤中心。但同時農產品貿易也仍佔據一定的市場份額,1864年利玆穀物交易所成立。

現代

二次大戰以降利茲製造業開始式微。1951年仍有一半人口從事製造業,但1971年只剩下三成;1971-81年間已流失了三成製造業職位。但是仍有一些大型工程公司設於利茲市[19]

今天,利兹作为在西约克郡占支配地位的区域中心城市,而被列为8个英格兰核心城市之一[20]

氣候

利茲屬於海洋性氣候,氣溫較低,平均溫度為16 °C(61 °F),但全年起伏不大,30 °C(86 °F)以上高溫和−10 °C(14 °F)以下低溫都比較罕見[21]。雖然氣候較爲溫和,但偶爾也有暴雪或其他極端天氣出現[22]

利玆
月份 1月 2月 3月 4月 5月 6月 7月 8月 9月 10月 11月 12月 全年
平均高温 °C(°F) 5.5
(41.9)
5.6
(42.1)
8.1
(46.6)
10.7
(51.3)
14.3
(57.7)
16.9
(62.4)
19.1
(66.4)
18.7
(65.7)
15.9
(60.6)
12.1
(53.8)
8.3
(46.9)
5.8
(42.4)
11.8
(53.2)
平均低温 °C(°F) 0.5
(32.9)
0.3
(32.5)
1.7
(35.1)
3.2
(37.8)
5.9
(42.6)
8.8
(47.8)
11.1
(52.0)
10.9
(51.6)
8.9
(48.0)
6.1
(43.0)
3.2
(37.8)
0.9
(33.6)
5.1
(41.2)
平均降水量 mm(英寸) 109.8
(4.32)
77.2
(3.04)
81.5
(3.21)
72.9
(2.87)
65.2
(2.57)
77.1
(3.04)
63.0
(2.48)
81.1
(3.19)
77.1
(3.04)
99.8
(3.93)
105.2
(4.14)
114.3
(4.50)
1,024.2
(40.33)
平均降水天数 15.4 12.3 13.4 11.2 11.2 11.1 10.3 11.8 11.2 14.4 15.3 14.8 152.4
数据来源:[23]

经济

Briggate

利茲被英國官方評為英國營商環境最佳城市,主要以服務業為主流。以往利茲的製造業,早在二次大戰以後式微。利茲尤其以金融業稱著,地位僅次於首都倫敦。利玆有超過30家銀行,其中First Direct約克郡銀行的總部位于此地[24]。而其主要的服務業包括零售、客戶中心、寫字樓和傳媒機構。

交通

由於利茲市位處英國中部,屬內陸地區,鐵路系統對利茲交通,仍有舉足輕重的影響。利茲站位於市中心南面,英國的鐵路主幹線之一東海岸主線途徑此站,另外亦有兩條鐵路路線直通首都倫敦,一般班次為半小時至一小時一班。國家其他地方利茲市也有貫通,包括到西約克郡等等。同時利茲市也有多條道路網連接英國各大城市,如A58A61A62A63A64A65公路等等。航空则依靠里茲布拉福機場

旅游

旅游是利兹的一大产业,製造了二萬個職位。平均計利茲市可吸納一百四十萬人過夜,每人消費加起來,差不多已有7億三千五百萬英鎊。主要遊客都是到來參觀利茲市的文化景色。

利茲市被英國國家廣播公司(BBC)選為「英國最受歡迎城市」。

文化

体育

利茲是英格蘭老牌球會利兹联的所在地,利兹联英格蘭第一間球會,1968年奪得歐洲博覽會杯冠軍。

教育

利茲大學帕金森樓

利茲拥有数目众多的小学、中学和高等教育机构,Education Leeds负责该市年轻人的法定教育。

利兹有超過十分之一的人口數是大學生,拥有5所大学:利茲大學利茲貝克特大學利茲三一大學利茲藝術大學和私立的法律大學利茲城市學院利茲建築學院等一些機構提供繼續教育

友好城市

参考文献

  1. ^ moderngov. Democracy.leeds.gov.uk. 6 February 2013 [12 March 2013]. (原始内容存档于2012年10月27日). 
  2. ^ Max at SE140445 Hawksworth Moor in extreme west of city
  3. ^ Min at points where city boundary crosses Rivers Aire and Wharfe in extreme east.
  4. ^ 周定国 (编). Leeds 利兹 [美、英]. 世界地名翻译大辞典. 北京: 中国对外翻译出版公司. 2008-01. ISBN 978-7-500-10753-8. OCLC 885528603. OL 23943703M. NLC 003756704. (简体中文)
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 Leeds gains first large shops development. FT.com. 3 March 2013 [12 March 2013]. (原始内容存档于2014-05-08). 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 2011 Census - Built-up areas. ONS. [5 July 2013]. (原始内容存档于2019-01-07). 
  7. ^ Burt and Grady 1994,第92頁
  8. ^ The World According to GaWC 2010. Globalization and World Cities Research Network. [18 September 2011]. (原始内容存档于2013-10-10). 
  9. ^ Leeds Tourism. Planet Ware Travel Guide. [1 February 2009]. (原始内容存档于2009-05-05). 
  10. ^ Leeds stakes it claim to financial hub. www.yorkshirepost.co.uk. [1 February 2009]. (原始内容存档于2022-05-17). 
  11. ^ About Leeds. www.bookinghime.com. [1 February 2009]. (原始内容存档于2008年5月9日). 
  12. ^ Istrate, Emilia; Nadeau, Carey Anne. Global MetroMonitor. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution. November 2012 [23 December 2013]. (原始内容存档于2013年6月4日). 
  13. ^ Fletcher, J. S. The Story of English Towns: Leeds. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. 1919 [22 July 2009]. OCLC 221589888. 
  14. ^ Loiners of the world unite!. BBC. 22 August 2005 [27 September 2009]. (原始内容存档于2010-05-19). 
  15. ^ Caunce, S.A. Houses as Museums: The Case of the Yorkshire Wool Textile Industry. Transactions of the RHS Royal Historical Society (Royal Historical Society). 2003, 13: 329–343. 
  16. ^ Burt and Grady 1994,第57頁
  17. ^ Fraser 1982,第143頁
  18. ^ Haywood, Russ. Britain's national railway network: fit for purpose in the 21st century?. Journal of Transport Geography (Elsevier). 2007, 15 (3): 198–216. doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2006.02.015. 
  19. ^ A Vision of Britain Trough Time: Relationships / unit history of LEEDS. [2007-05-29]. (原始内容存档于2007-10-01). 
  20. ^ Leeds City Council - History of Leeds. [2018-05-01]. (原始内容存档于2007-09-27). 
  21. ^ Huddersfield temperature verified at −11 in Waterloo last night – plus forecast for the weekend – Local West Yorkshire News – News – Huddersfield Examiner. Examiner.co.uk. [5 August 2011]. (原始内容存档于2012-11-06). 
  22. ^ UK | England | West Yorkshire | Tornado hits during freak storm. BBC News. 14 September 2006 [5 August 2011]. (原始内容存档于2007-08-26). 
  23. ^ Leeds climate. [11 January 2017]. (原始内容存档于2017-09-26). 
  24. ^ Financial services |Leeds economy & relocation页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Locate in Leeds. [2013-07-17].

延伸阅读

  • Burt S. and Grady K. (2002 – 2nd edition) The Illustrated History of Leeds, Breedon Books, Derby
  • Fraser D. (ed.) (1980) A History of Modern Leeds, Manchester University Press, Manchester
  • Unsworth R. and Stillwell J. (eds.) (2004) Twenty-First Century Leeds: Geographies of a Regional City, Leeds University Press, Leeds; Sixteen Chapters about the Contemporary City; 160 maps, many photos
  • Wrathmell S. (2005), Leeds, Pevsner Architectural Guides, Yale University Press, London

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