冥王星-古柏帶特快車

冥王星-古柏帶特快車
冥王星-古柏帶特快車想像圖
名称Pluto Fast Flyby (1992-95)
Pluto Express (c.1995)
任务类型飛越
运营方美國國家航空暨太空總署
任務時長主要任務預計九年
航天器属性
發射質量478公斤（1,054英磅）
功率228 瓦

冥王星-古柏帶特快車（Pluto Kuiper Express，簡稱 PKE 或 PLUTOKE）是美國國家航空暨太空總署噴氣推進實驗室（JPL）的科學家和工程師提出的星際探測任務，目標是研究冥王星和其衛星，以及一個或多個其他的古柏帶天體。這是繼冥王星350（Pluto 350（英语：Pluto 350），由於任務耗資過多而取消）與第二代水手號計劃（Mariner Mark II（英语：Mariner Mark II），也就是後來卡西尼－惠更斯號的前身）後，第三個以探測冥王星為主要任務的計畫。

這項任務提出時，正值美國積極向外太陽系探索的時期（如航海家1號和2號），進而催生出數個探索冥王星等外太陽系天體的計劃。而冥王星-古柏帶特快車就是其一，這項任務自提出以來經歷不少更動，一開始任務目標僅限於冥王星和其衛星，但在任務規劃期間，第一顆古柏帶天體的發現使古柏帶引起不少科學家的高度關注，因此任務目標也隨之擴大至其他數個古柏帶天體。然而，由於計劃後期的預估經費遠遠超過原先所認為的金額，終於在2000年，美國航太總署決定取消這項計畫[1][2][3][4]，由後來的新視野號任務接棒。

任務歷史

這個計畫原本被稱為「冥王星飛掠探測任務」（Pluto Fast Flyby，PFF），由噴氣推進實驗室於1992年提出；任務分為兩個各重140至150公斤的中小型探測器，預定最快在1998年發射，並花七至八年的時間抵達冥王星。據說這項任務的總花費不到四億美元，因此受到時任美國航太總署局長丹尼爾·戈登（Daniel Goldin）的大力支持[5][6]。

「冥王星飛掠探測任務」後來在1995年演變為「冥王星特快車」（Pluto Express），預算定在三億美元左右，和一開始的任務一樣也是分為兩具探測器，但其開發階段漫長，耗費將近十年的時間。期間美國航太總署曾考慮使用俄羅斯的質子運載火箭發射探測器，並且搭載被稱為「Drop Zond」的俄國探測器，分析冥王星大氣的組成成分[7][8]。另一方面，普朗克研究院有意資助美國於俄羅斯發射的費用（當時約為三億美元），希望冥王星-古柏帶特快車能順道搭載德國的探測器，在經過木星時（木星的重力使經過的探測器能產生重力助推的效果，能以更快的速度前往冥王星，後來新視野號的航行就使用了這個方法）讓德國探測器離開飛往木衛一[7][9]。

任務的取消之後，大部分冥王星-古柏帶特快車團隊投入新視野號計畫，其任務與冥王星-古柏帶特快車相似。新視野號於2006年1月成功發射，於2015年7月成功飛掠冥王星系統。

參考資料

  1. ^ 史騰（S. Alan Stern）. 航向最遙遠的行星. 科學人. 2002年7月號, 5 [2016-12-25]. （原始内容存档于2016-12-25）. 
  2. ^ Bruce Moomaw. Pluto Needs An Express Decision. SpaceDaily. 2000-12-07 [2016-12-25]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-06）. 
  3. ^ NASA's Pluto mission delayed. Spaceflight Now. 2000-10-03 [2016-12-25]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-06）. 
  4. ^ Kenneth Chang. It May Be Now or Never for a Mission to Pluto. New York Times. 2001-02-13 [2015-07-18]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-06）. 
  5. ^ John Noble Wilford. NASA plans quick visit to edge of solar system. The Gainesville Sun. New York Times News Service. 1992-09-11: 9A [2015-08-01]. （原始内容存档于2021-08-07）. 
  6. ^ Michael Carroll. Space exploration: Quick trip to Pluto. Popular Science. June 1993, 242 (6): 27 [2015-08-01]. 
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 Paolo Ulivi, David Harland. Completing the census. Robotic Exploration of the Solar System: Part 2: Hiatus and Renewal, 1983-1996. Springer Science & Business Media. 2009年1月: 373-378 [2016-12-25]. ASIN B010WF9K08. （原始内容存档于2020-11-18）. 
  8. ^ Mark Wheeler. Destination: Pluto: With a daring, high-speed mission to the icy planet, NASA sets its sights on the solar system's final frontier.. Popular Mechanics. July 1995: 64–66. 
  9. ^ Ben Evans. Three Weeks to Pluto: A World of Tiny Moons and Missed Mission Opportunities (Part 2). AmericaSpace. 2015-06-21 [2015-08-01]. （原始内容存档于2017-01-18）. 

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