内环境

内环境 （法語：milieu intérieur）指由细胞外液构成的液体环境。最早被克洛德·贝尔纳提出用来描述保护生物多细胞组织、器官功能及生理稳定的细胞外液环境。

起源

贝尔纳从他1854年起的作品开始使用这个短语，直到他1878年去世。他很可能采纳了组织学家Charles Robin曾说过的一句话“milieu de l'intérieur”，而这句话是用来表述希波克拉底的體液學說。伯纳德最初只把它用于与血液有关的作用，但后来他联系到了整个躯体，包括确保内环境稳定的作用。[1]他用如下话语做了总结：

对有机体来说，一个稳定的环境是完美的，外部带来的变化都会在瞬间得到代偿及平衡……哪怕他们会变化，这些机制最重要的目的就是保持内部环境的理化环境稳定……内环境的稳定是自由及独立生活的基础。[2][3]

作用

内环境保持稳态对机体有着非常重要的作用。内环境的理化性质，如温度、pH值、渗透压以及各种液体成份等的相对恒定状态，对细胞的各种代谢活动的酶促反应起着稳定环境的作用，以及保持细胞的渗透压、离子浓度及酸碱度的恒定。[4]

参考文献

  1. ^ Gross, C. G. (1998) "Claude Bernard and the constancy of the internal environment" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Neuroscientist 4: 380-385 [1] （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）.
  2. ^ 原文：The fixity of the milieu supposes a perfection of the organism such that the external variations are at each instant compensated for and equilibrated.... All of the vital mechanisms, however varied they may be, have always one goal, to maintain the uniformity of the conditions of life in the internal environment.... The stability of the internal environment is the condition for the free and independent life.
  3. ^ Bernard, C. (1974) Lectures on the phenomena common to animals and plants. Trans Hoff HE, Guillemin R, Guillemin L, Springfield (IL): Charles C Thomas ISBN 978-0-398-02857-2.
  4. ^ 《生理学》人民卫生出版社 ISBN 978-7-117-09459-7

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