公司共和國（英語：kongsi republic），又稱為公司民主國（kongsi democracy）、公司聯邦（kongsi federation）等，是一群位於婆羅洲的自治國家，由「公司」（華人採礦組織）演變而來。至19世紀中葉，多個公司共和國已控制了婆羅洲西部。三大公司共和國包含蘭芳共和國、和順共和國與三條溝公司等[1]。商業公司在華人移民地十分常見，但婆羅洲的公司共和國的特殊性在於它們是一群控制大片領土的甲必丹國家[1]。這個特點將它們與周边的東南亞蘇丹國區分開來。蘇丹雖有名义上的主权，但無法控制共和國境內的居民[1]。公司共和國曾與荷屬東印度當局於婆羅洲展開長期競爭，因而爆發過三次戰爭，分別於1822年－1824年、1850年－1854年以及1884年－1885年等。公司共和國最終被荷蘭當局擊敗，使其領土落於荷蘭殖民統治之下[2]。公司共和國實施直接民主制[3]，19世紀才正式被稱為「共和國」[4]。然而，現代學者對於應該視它們為西方民主式的共和國还是应属于華人独特的民主傳統，持有不同意見。[5]
Sierra de Caldereros Ubicación geográficaContinente EuropaCordillera Sistema IbéricoCoordenadas 40°50′48″N 1°43′09″O / 40.84666667, -1.71916667Ubicación administrativaPaís EspañaDivisión provincia de GuadalajaraCaracterísticasOrientación NO-SEMáxima cota (1.457 m s. n. m.)Cumbres Lituero (1.457 m s. n. m.), pico del Águila (1.446 m s. n. m.) y cerro de San Segundo (1.353 m s. n. m.)Piedemonte 1.120 m s. n. m., aprox.Longitud 16 km, aprox.[editar datos en…
Chế độ ăn uống kém trong thời thơ ấu ảnh hưởng đến số lượng neuron trong các phần của não bộ.[1] Dinh dưỡng thần kinh học là ngành khoa học nghiên cứu ảnh hưởng của các thành phần khác nhau trong chế độ ăn uống như khoáng chất, vitamin, protein, carbohydrate, chất béo, thực phẩm bổ sung, chế độ ăn uống, hormon tổng hợp và phụ gia thực phẩm lên thần kinh học, hóa học thần ki…
Institutional corruption in the country Political corruption Concepts Anti-corruption Bribery Cronyism Economics of corruption Electoral fraud Elite capture Influence peddling Kleptocracy Mafia state Nepotism Slush fund Simony Corruption by country Africa Angola Botswana Cameroon Chad Comoros Congo Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Ghana Guinea-Bissau Kenya Liberia Mauritius Morocco Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe…
Brickpit Ring WalkHomebush Bay Brickpit,with the elevated Brickpit Ring WalkLocation in greater SydneyTypeUrban nature park and walkwayLocationBicentennial Park, Sydney Olympic Park, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaCoordinates33°50′30″S 151°4′17″E / 33.84167°S 151.07139°E / -33.84167; 151.07139Elevation18.5 metres (61 ft) above the brickpit floorOpened2005DesignerDurbach Block ArchitectsOwned bySydney Olympic Park AuthorityAwardsNational Trust Heri…
Eric Adjetey Anang Eric Adjetey AnangEm Teshie, 2009 Nascimento 24 de setembro de 1985 (38 anos)Teshie, Gana Ocupação escultor Página oficial http://ghanacoffin.com Eric Adjetey Anang é um carpinteiro e escultor ganense que produz caixões-fantasia. Ele nasceu em Teshie, Gana, onde vive e trabalha. Biografia Caixões de frango, avião, caranguejo antes do workshop Kane Kwei Em 2001, Eric levou os caixões-fantasia de Gana ao Museu Gidan Makama, em Kano, Nigéria, com a colaboraçã…
منتخب بورتوريكو لكرة القدم معلومات عامة بلد الرياضة بورتوريكو، الولايات المتحدة الفئة كرة القدم للرجال رمز الفيفا PUR الاتحاد اتحاد بورتوريكو لكرة القدم كونفدرالية كونكاكاف (أمريكا الشمالية والوسطى والكاريبي) الملعب الرئيسي ملعب خوان رامون لوبريل الموقع الرسمي ا…
Кубок Італії 2011—2012 Подробиці Дата проведення 6 серпня 2011 — 20 травня 2012 Кількість учасників 78 Призові місця Чемпіон «Наполі» (4-й раз) Віцечемпіон «Ювентус» Статистика Бомбардир(и) Едінсон Кавані (5 м'ячів) Зіграно матчів 79 Забито голів 228 (2.89 за матч) ← 2010—2011 2012—201…
Japanese Marshal Admiral In this Japanese name, the surname is Tōgō. Marshal-Admiral MarquisTōgō HeihachirōJunior First RankMarshal-Admiral The Marquis Tōgō HeihachirōNickname(s)The Nelson of the East Johnny ChinamanBorn(1848-01-27)27 January 1848Kagoshima, Satsuma DomainDied30 May 1934(1934-05-30) (aged 86)Tokyo, Empire of JapanAllegiance Empire of JapanService/branch Imperial Japanese NavyYears of service1863-1913Rank Marshal AdmiralCommands heldCommander-in-Chief o…
Rick Warrendi Gereja Saddleback. 2011Lahir28 Januari 1954 (umur 69)San Jose, California, Amerika SerikatKebangsaanAmerikaPekerjaanPastor, Penulis BukuSuami/istriElizabeth K. Warren (Kay Warren)Situs webRickWarren.com Richard Duane Rick Warren (lahir 28 Januari 1954) adalah seorang pendeta Kristen evangelis Amerika dan penulis.[1][2][3] Dia adalah pendiri dan pendeta senior dari Gereja Saddleback, sebuah gereja evangelikal besar yang terletak di Lake Forest, Californi…
Horst Joachim Rheindorf – DÄT 2011 Horst Joachim Adolf August Rheindorf (* 6. Mai 1922 in Kassel; † 8. Mai 2018 in Bad Homburg vor der Höhe[1][2]) war ein deutscher Mediziner und ärztlicher Standespolitiker. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Leben und Wirken 2 Auszeichnungen 3 Weblinks 4 Einzelnachweise Leben und Wirken Horst Joachim Rheindorf studierte nach Abitur und Kriegseinsatz als Infanterist und im Sanitätsdienst Medizin an der Medizinischen Fakultät der Philipps-Universität …
Walk on By ist der Titel eines Country-Songs. Er wurde von Kendall L. Hayes geschrieben und hielt sich 1961 in der Version von Country-Sänger Leroy Van Dyke 19 Wochen auf Platz Eins der Country-Single-Charts. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Entstehungsgeschichte 2 Aufnahme und Veröffentlichung 3 Statistik und Coverversionen 4 Einzelnachweise Entstehungsgeschichte Aus der ersten Aufnahmesession des Country-Sängers Leroy Van Dyke vom September 1956 ging sein bis dahin erfolgreichster Titel Auctioneer übe…
هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (يونيو 2023) الأمر رقم 1 صدر الأمر رقم 1 (بالروسية: Prikaz nomer odin) في 1 مارس 1917 (14 مارس بالتقويم الجديد) وكان أول مرسوم رسمي صادر عن سوفييت بتروغراد لنواب العمال والجنود. صدر الأمر …
Maiju Ihalainen accepting the award at Worldcon in Helsinki 2017. The Atorox Award (Finnish: Atorox-palkinto, Swedish: Atoroxpriset) is the oldest science fiction literature award in Finland. It is given annually to the best science fiction short story. The name Atorox comes from the works of Aarne Haapakoski (1904–1961), who was one of the first science fiction writers in Finland. The award is given by the Turku Science Fiction Society but the winner is selected by representatives of the enti…
Sculpture above the fireplace created by Romanian sculptor George Julian Zolnay. The Katy Hamman-Stricker Library is located at 404 E. Mitchell Street in Calvert, Texas, USA.[1] It consists of a museum as well as a public library and community center and was the first chapter house built by the American Woman's League in the state. Calvert is located within the Golden Triangle (the area between the cities of Dallas, Houston and Austin) of Texas. The building was constructed in 1909 but i…
National flag Flag of the Habsburg monarchyUseCivil flag and ensignProportion2:3Adopted1804Relinquished1918DesignA horizontal bicolour of black and yellow. Cartoon of 1915, depicting the Flag of the German Empire and the Habsburg banner Since the days of Rudolph of Habsburg and the 1283 Treaty of Rheinfelden, the combination of red-white-red was widely considered to be the Austrian (later also Inner Austrian) colours used by the ruling Habsburg dynasty. Black and yellow later became the colours …
2017 film by Kevin Phillips This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (May 2020) Super Dark TimesTheatrical release posterDirected byKevin PhillipsWritten byBen CollinsLuke PiotrowskiProduced byEdward ParksRichard PeeteJett SteigerStarring Owen Campbell Charlie Tahan Elizabeth Cappuccino CinematographyEli BornEdited byEd YonaitisMusic byBen Fros…
University in Newport, Rhode Island, US This article may rely excessively on sources too closely associated with the subject, potentially preventing the article from being verifiable and neutral. Please help improve it by replacing them with more appropriate citations to reliable, independent, third-party sources. (August 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Salve Regina UniversityFormer namesSalve Regina College (1934-1991)MottoMaria Spes NostraMotto in EnglishMary, O…
English actress and writer (1809–1893) This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (January 2022) Fanny KembleEngraving of Fanny Kemble from before 1830BornFrances Anne Kemble(1809-11-27)November 27, 1809London, EnglandDiedJanuary 15, 1893(1893-01-15) (aged 83)London, EnglandOccupation(s)Actress, abolitionist and poetYears active1827 -…
American college football season 2016 Cornell Big Red footballConferenceIvy LeagueRecord4–6 (2–5 Ivy)Head coachDavid Archer (4th season)Offensive coordinatorRoy Istvan (3rd season)Defensive coordinatorJared Backus (4th season)CaptainMiles Norris, Ben Rogers, Matt Sullivan, Jackson WeberHome stadiumSchoellkopf Field(Capacity: 25,597)Seasons← 20152017 → 2016 Ivy League football standings vte Conf Overall Team W L W L …
2015 Australian Formula 3 Championship Drivers' Champion: Jon Collins Previous 2014 Next 2016 The 2015 Australian Formula 3 Championship was an Australian motor racing competition for cars constructed in accordance with FIA Formula 3 regulations.[1] It was sanctioned by the Confederation of Australian Motor Sport (CAMS) as a national championship, with Formula 3 Management Pty Ltd appointed as the Category Manager.[1] The Championship began on 27 March at Sandown Raceway and ende…
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