仙人掌是石竹目仙人掌科(學名:Cactaceae)的植物總稱,均为多肉植物,具有為貯藏水分而特化为肥厚多汁状的營養器官(莖、葉),大多分佈於美洲,以热带地区最为多见,生境多为沙漠、半沙漠等乾燥少雨環境,部分为雨林環境中的附生植物。仙人掌科約有150属,近2000種[1]。
绝大多数的仙人掌的葉退化為短小的刺,既能減少水份流失,又能防御動物啃食,而光合作用则主要由特化的肉质茎进行。其莖肥厚含水,表面有蠟質,多为球状,以尽可能小的表面积储存尽可能多的水分,从而減少蒸发。所有仙人掌科植物均通过景天酸代謝途径进行碳固定[2],从而增加水分利用率,以適應炎热、水分匮乏的環境。
仙人掌用途廣泛,可作觀賞植物、草料或飼料,果实可食用。以仙人掌汁液为食的胭脂虫广泛运用于生产胭脂紅染料。
大多數仙人掌不具有明顯、可發揮光合作用功能的葉,而是由莖作為光合作用的主要場所。然而,海麒麟屬(英语:Leuenbergeria)、葉仙人掌屬、臥麒麟屬(英语:Maihuenia)和海麒麟屬(英语:Rhodocactus)的所有成員都具有大量形似普通喬木或灌木的扁平葉。許多圆扇仙人掌亚科的成員也都有明顯的葉,麒麟掌屬的葉持久宿存,而仙人掌屬許多物種的葉則會在生長季末凋零。
儘管其它一些仙人掌類群的葉極小(長度通常短于1.5毫米),幾乎不進行光合作用或蒸騰作用,有推測稱這些高度退化的小葉也可能起到製造植物激素的功能,例如生產生長素[3]。
大多數陸生的仙人掌僅具較淺的細根,但橫向覆蓋面積可以達到較大,以盡可能吸收較多降水。土壤乾燥時,細側根通常死亡,而較大的根轉為被軟木栓層(皮層)覆蓋。主根皮層下的根原始體在土壤回濕後迅速生長,在數天之內即可增加對水及礦物質的吸收能力。部分類群(例如岩牡丹屬及一些植株較大的柱狀仙人掌)具有較為肥厚,甚至比地上部分體積更大的主根,可以起到貯藏或穩定植株的作用。攀爬、匍匐及附生型的仙人掌通常僅具不定根,可從接觸到合適基質的植株莖側長出。
仙人掌的花一般為單生、輻射對稱,部分(葉仙人掌屬)花簇生為花序,部分(仙人指属)花為單軸對稱。
仙人掌花的子房周圍常圍繞著由莖發育而來的花托(英语:Receptacle (botany))組織,與萼片和花瓣共同形成一圈名為被絲托的筒狀結構,被絲托的外部有時具有著生著刺和絨毛的刺座以及小型鱗片狀的苞片,苞片、萼片和花瓣有時會呈現形態上的漸變(因而有時被統稱為“花被片”)。
仙人掌的花瓣顏色從白、黃、紅到洋紅不等。花筒頂端的內部通常著生著大量的雄蕊。花柱通常只有一根,柱頭常多裂。
所有的仙人掌均原产於西半球,集中于热带,分布最北可至加拿大的英属哥伦比亚省,在美国除阿拉斯加、夏威夷、缅因、新罕布什尔、佛蒙特之外的大多数州都有自然居群[2]。
原产南美洲的絲葦属於非洲大陸西部、馬達加斯加和亚洲斯里蘭卡的熱帶雨林和熱帶草原也有自然归化居群[2],最初可能是由鳥類或人類传播而至。
仙人掌属也有遍布全球的极广归化居群,包括非洲、加纳利群岛、欧洲、阿拉伯半岛、南亚至东亚、澳大利亚等地[4][2]。
仙人掌茎液可作飲料,茎和果實可食,火龍果就是一種仙人掌的果實。仙人掌也是觀景植物的一種。全世界培育仙人掌最有成績的國家是中南美洲的墨西哥,該國的國徽上就有仙人掌的圖樣。而亞洲地區則以日本為代表。
大部分的仙人掌是沙漠中的旅人於未找到綠洲時的備用水源,如同猢猻木一樣,使用利刃將仙人掌的刺先削掉後砍斷,直接咀嚼肉質莖葉補充水分,以幫助旅人有能耐前進,其果實也是水分的來源之一。
仙人掌的常用人工繁育方法主要有三種,分別為種子、子球、扦插:
在美國及澳洲等地方,仙人掌生長速度極快速,表皮堅硬,無堅不摧的仙人掌往往會破壞牧場的圍欄,在一、兩年內就遍佈極其廣泛的地帶,同時搶奪其他可供放牧的植物的營養。所以部分地區會指明某些物種需要清除的入侵植物。
除被列入附录Ⅰ的物种和木麒麟属所有种Pereskia spp.、麒麟掌属所有种Pereskiopsis spp.和顶花掌属所有种Quiabentia spp. 其他种均被列為《瀕危野生動植物種國際貿易公約》(CITES)附錄二的物種,被限制出口及貿易。
本科包括以下属:
美國的亞利桑那州因沙漠氣候的關係,有相當多的仙人掌,特別是巨大的巨人柱,因此在1994年成立了巨人柱國家公園,園中有多達1000多種來自世界各地不同的仙人掌。此外在日本的冲绳县,也有仙人掌植物公園。
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