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二合字母

威爾斯語裡,二合字母Ll一度併為一個合字

二合字母(digraph),或稱二重音字二重字,在字母系統上是由2個字母組合成的語音,而組成的語音與個別字母的發音不同。且能由二合字母表記出新的語音音位)。在一些發音變化的場合(無聲化等),比如將2個相同或不同的字母排列在一起時整體單詞的發音會有所變化,相對的僅為一個字母時發音上並不會改變,而且語音較強時發音上並不會拉長等。在歐洲語言上會有這些現象,尤其西歐的語言中經常會見到,但在斯拉夫語族裡則相當罕見。

英語

  • 子音二合字母範例
    • chchange /ʧ
    • gh ~ laugh /f/,night
    • ph ~ symphony /f/
    • sh ~ fish /ʃ/
    • ththing /θ/,that /ð/
  • 母音二合字母範例
    • ai ~ gain //
    • au ~ August /ɔː/,aunt /æ/、/ɑː/
    • aw ~ law /ɔː/
    • ea ~ sea //,spread /e/
    • ee ~ sheet //
    • ei ~ receive //,beige //, height /ai/
    • eu ~ euphonium /juː/
    • ie ~ pie //, piece //
    • oa ~ oak //
    • oo ~ book /ʊ/,school //
    • ou ~ out //,ought /ɔː/,mysterious /ə/,you //,young /ʌ/,soul //
    • ow ~ bowl /əʊ/, bower //

德語

  • 子音二合字母範例
    • ch ~ Bach /x/,Bächlein /ç/,Chor /k/(希臘語語源字之用法)
    • ck ~ (同k的發音相同,不過分綴時變為k-k的發音)
    • ng ~ langsam /laŋzam/
    • ph ~ symphonie /f/(希臘語語源字之用法)
    • sp ~ spazieren /ʃp/(詞素上放在頭位時、Hospital /sp/(在其他部位)
    • st ~ Stadt /ʃt/,Kiste /st/(同上)
  • 母音二合字母範例
    • ei ~ ein //
    • eu, äu ~ euch /ɔy/,Häuser /ɔy/
    • ie ~ Sie //

法語

  • 子音二合字母範例
    • chchien /ʃ/
    • gn ~ seigneur /ɲ/
  • 母音半母音二合字母範例。進一步來說,如/e-ɛ/與/ø-œ/等音素放在同音節内有後續子音時則發開口音,如沒有則發閉口音。
    • au ~ au /o/
    • ai ~ air /ɛ/
    • ay ~ ayant /ɛj/
    • ei ~ Eiffel /ɛ/
    • ey ~ meyage /ɛj/
    • eu ~ Europe /ø/
    • oi ~ toi /wa/
    • oy ~ voyage /waj/
    • œu ~ œuvre /œ/
    • ou ~ /u/, oui /w/

波蘭語

波蘭語正寫法也包含7個二合字母。

開頭用大寫 HTML
小寫 HTML
常用音標 其它音標
ch   ch   [x] [γ]
Cz   cz   [ʧ] [ʤ]
Dz   dz   [ʣ] [ʦ][dʑ],[d-z]
DŹ dź [dʑ] [tɕ]
DŻ dż [ʤ] [ʧ][dʒ]
Rz   rz   [ʒ] [ʃ],[r-z]
Sz   sz   [ʃ] [ʒ]

现代标准汉语

閩南語

  • 閩南拼音
    • 子音二合字母範例
      • bbbbū /b/
      • ggggău /g/
      • zzzzuáh /dz/
      • ngngō /ŋ/
    • 母音二合字母範例
      • ng ~ sng /ŋ̍/
      • oeoeh /ǝ/
  • 潮拼
      • bhbhu1 /b/
      • ghghau2 /g/
      • ngngo1 /ŋ/
  • 台羅字
    • 子音二合字母範例
      • khkhì /kʰ/
      • ngngá /ŋ/
      • phpho /pʰ/
      • ththann /tʰ/
      • tstsan /ʦ/
    • 母音二合字母範例
      • ng ~ sng /ŋ̍/
      • nn ~ sann /◌̃/
      • oo ~ khóo /ɔ/
      • ee ~ kee /ɛ/
      • er ~ hér /ə/
      • or ~ kor /ɣ/
      • irirn /ɨ/
  • 白話字
    • 子音二合字母範例
      • khkhì /kʰ/
      • ngngá /ŋ/
      • phpho /pʰ/
      • ththaⁿ /tʰ/
      • chchan /ʦ/
    • 母音二合字母範例
      • ng ~ sng /ŋ̍/
  • 潮州白話字
    • 子音二合字母範例
      • khkhì /kʰ/
      • ngngá /ŋ/
      • phpho /pʰ/
      • ththaⁿ /tʰ/
      • chchian /tɕ/
      • tstsan /ts/
    • 母音二合字母範例
      • ng ~ sng /ŋ̍/

愛爾蘭語

隨著二十世紀愛爾蘭語正字法英语Irish orthography的演變,羅馬體取代蓋爾字體英语insular script成為主流。使用羅馬體時,附加在一些子音標示子音弱化 (lenition) 的上點 (◌̇ )不用,改為後增 h,成為二合字母,對照如下:

新正字法 舊正字法 寬音(軟齶化)音位 窄音(顎音化)音位 範例
bh w bhean
mh mhór
ch ċ x ç chóir
dh ɣ j dhuit
gh ġ ghealach
fh ∅(零輔音 Fhrainc
ph phríosún
sh h h 或 ç shiopa
th h h 或 ç thall
  • 註:以上音位僅為通則,仍有特例。

關連項目

參考文獻

  1. 胡壯麟
    1. (2001),《語言學教程》,修訂版,北京大學。(ISBN 7-301-05014-3
    2. 李 战子 [eds.] (2004),《語言學簡明教程》,北京大學。(ISBN 7-301-07554-5

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