中闪米特语支

中闪米特语支
地理分佈中东
谱系学分类亚非语系
分支
Glottologcent2236[1]

中闪米特语支[2][3]闪米特语族的一个语支假说[4]。中闪米特语支下又分为阿拉伯语支西北闪米特语支两个亚语支,前者包括阿拉伯语及其众多变体,后者包括亚拉姆语乌加里特语腓尼基语等。

中闪米特语支所属语言有着以下的显著特征[5]

  • 闪米特语族特有的重辅音咽音化的形式发出,而非挤喉音
    • 原始闪米特语的 *ṭ [tʼ]和*ṣ [tsʼ]在阿拉伯语和亚拉姆语中为[tˤ][sˤ]
    • 原始闪语的*ḳ [kʼ]变为清小舌塞音 [q]
  • 出现否定标记 *bal,来源不明;
  • t普遍作为过去时后缀标记使用,不分人称;
  • 出现非过去时前缀ya-qtulu,代替ya-qattal
  • 动词前缀元音音素趋同。对阿卡德语的研究显示原始闪语有以下四个前缀:*ʔa-、*ta-、*ni-、*yi-。在中闪米特语言中,所有前缀依据规则归为统一的元音。语支内部的不同语言在这一点有所不同,阿拉伯语将之全部归为a,但西北闪米特语除a外也有i的情况。

关于闪米特语族内部的细分法还没有公认的定论,不过此分法是最为常见的。民族语提出南中闪米特语支(包括阿拉伯语和希伯来语),和亚拉姆语支对立。

阿拉伯语和西北闪米特语的区别体现在阿拉伯语的破碎式复数上,大部分阿拉伯语名词的复数形式都以这种规则产生,西北闪米特语更倾向于利用词缀变化实现。如阿拉伯语的بَيْتbayt(房屋),复数形式是بُيُوتbuyūt,而希伯来语的בַּיִת bayit复数形式则是בָּתִּים‎ bātīm

参考资料

  1. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (编). Central Semitic. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016. 
  2. ^ 存档副本. [2018-07-26]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-06). 
  3. ^ 存档副本. [2018-07-26]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-05). 
  4. ^ Sabatino Moscati. An Introduction to Comparative Grammar of Semitic Languages Phonology and Morphology. Harrassowitz Verlag. 1980. ISBN 3-447-00689-7. 
  5. ^ Faber, Alice. Genetic Subgrouping of the Semitic Languages. Hetzron, Robert (编). The Semitic Languages. London: Routledge. 1997: 3–15. ISBN 0-415-05767-1. 

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