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中库尔德语

中库尔德语
索拉尼语
سۆرانی، کوردیی ناوەندی
母语国家和地区伊拉克, 伊朗
母语使用人数
7,200,000 (2014)[1]
語系
文字波斯字母
官方地位
作为官方语言伊拉克[2]
語言代碼
ISO 639-3ckb
Glottologcent1972[3]
语言瞭望站58-AAA-cae
Geographic distribution of Kurdish and other Iranian languages spoken by Kurds

中库尔德语کوردیی ناوەندی‎; kurdîy nawendî‎),又称索拉尼语سۆرانی‎; Soranî‎),是库尔德语伊拉克库尔德斯坦伊朗库尔德斯坦省等地的一个分支。标准中库尔德语是伊拉克的官方语言之一。

历史

“索拉尼语”的名称来源于位于如今库尔德斯坦的索兰酋长国英语Soran Emirate。中库尔德语最早起源于埃尔比勒拉万迪兹英语Rawandiz(ڕەواندز)之间的地区。这一语言的使用区向南扩展,逐渐取代了南库尔德语[4][5]。奥斯曼帝国在库尔德斯坦设立的学校也推动了中库尔德语的发展[5]。进入20世纪后,北库尔德语在叙利亚被禁止,在土耳其受到严格限制。相比之下,在伊拉克,基于苏莱曼尼亚方言的标准中库尔德语成为了官方语言之一,在库尔德斯坦的学校中教授[6]。在伊朗,尤其是伊斯兰革命之后,出现了大量库尔德语出版物[7]。因而,中库尔德语具有各库尔德语言中最发达的文学传统,其书面语目前是库尔德语言中最常用的书面形式[8]。目前中库尔德语使用的拼写体系是1920年代在波斯字母基础上创造的[9]

文字

索拉尼语字母是在波斯字母的基础上调整而成的。常用的字母包括:

ئـ ی و ه ن م ل ک ق ف غ ع ش س ز ر د خ ح ج ت ب ا
hamza y w h n m l k q f gh sh s z r d kh j t b alif

其他字母主要用于拼写外来语。[7]

发音

中库尔德语有8个元音:

î i ê a û u o â
发音(IPA [i] [ɪ] [e] [æ] [u] [ʊ] [o] [ɑ]

辅音如下表所示:

唇音 唇齿音 齿龈音 龈后音 硬颚音 软颚音 小舌音 喉音
塞音 b, p d, t g, k q
擦音 v, f z, s sh, zh ch, j gh, kh   h, ḥ
鼻音 m    
颤音    
闪音 ř
近音 y
边音 l ł

受阿拉伯语和叙利亚语影响,gh([ʕ])和ḥ([ħ])音主要在伊拉克使用。[5][7]

语法

名词

中库尔德语为SOV(主宾谓结构)。名词分为绝对态,表示该名词的一般概念,如قـاوه رهشـه‎(”咖啡是黑色的“),以及限定态和非限定态。绝对态名词无后缀,非限定态单数名词要加上后缀كI - (-ek),限定态单数名词要加上كه - (-ka)。名词仅有单复数的变化,而无格、性的变化。

当名词有形容词或名词修饰,或表示所有关系时,两词之间需要izâfa元音连接。根据名词的限定或非限定状态及语义,izâfa元音可能为i或a。[7]

动词

中库尔德语动词有现在式和过去式两种词干,动词的前缀和后缀根据其肯定或否定、人称、数、时态和语态而定。在过去式下,中库尔德语具有作格性,及物动词依据动作的受动者确定人称。

由现在式词干构成的有现在时直陈式、现在时虚拟式、命令式和将来时。由过去式词干构成的有简单过去时、现在完成时、过去完成时、过去时虚拟式、过去时条件式、以及过去完成时条件式。[7]

参考资料

  1. ^ 中库尔德语于《民族语》的链接(第18版,2015年)
  2. ^ Full Text of Iraqi Constitution. Washington Post. 12 October 2005 [12 June 2013]. (原始内容存档于2019-05-20). 
  3. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (编). Central Kurdish. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016. 
  4. ^ Kurdish Academy of Language. Northern Kurdish dialects group. [2016-10-12]. (原始内容存档于2016-08-26). 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Kurdish Academy of Language. Central Kurdish dialects group. [2016-10-14]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-17). 
  6. ^ The Kurdish Project. Kurdish Language. [2016-10-14]. (原始内容存档于2016-10-18). 
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 W. M. Thackston. Sorani Kurdish: A Reference Grammar with Selected Readings (PDF). Cambridge: Harvard University Press. [2016-10-14]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2016-09-12). 
  8. ^ Language background of major refugee groups to the UK - Refugee Council. Languages.refugeecouncil.org.uk. [2012-07-15]. (原始内容存档于2012-07-25). 
  9. ^ Blau, Joyce. Méthode de Kurde: Sorani. Editions L'Harmattan. 2000 [2016-10-14]. ISBN 978-2-296-41404-4. (原始内容存档于2017-03-16). , page 20

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