随着欧洲人的到来,丘马什人和他们的传统生活方式受到了前所未有的冲击[6]。圣路易斯奥比斯波传教士所(Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa)成立于1772年,是在丘马什地区的第一个传教所,也是其五个传教所中最北的。下一个成立的是1782年的、位于圣克拉拉河河口附近太平洋海岸的圣布埃纳文图拉传教所(Mission San Buenaventura)。同样位于太平洋海岸的还有1786年成立的圣巴巴拉传教所(Mission Santa Barbara)。 布里斯玛·康塞普西翁传教所(Mission La Purisima Concepción)于1789年在圣巴巴拉北部到圣路易斯奥比斯波沿线建立。最后一个圣伊内斯传教所(Mission Santa Ynez)于1804年在圣伊内斯河沿岸建立。大多数丘马什人都在1772年至1806年间加入了一个或多个传教所,但海峡群岛的大部分土著居民直到1816年才加入[14]。
殖民者抵达前丘马什人口数量有许多说法。人类学家阿尔弗雷德·路易斯·克鲁伯认为1770年的人口可能约为10,000[17],艾伦·布朗(Alan K. Brown)认为约为15,000[18]。舍伯恩·库克(Sherburne F. Cook)曾给出多个预测值,为8,000、13,650、20,400或18,500。[19]
^Suntree, Susan. Sacred Sites: The Secret History of Southern California. U of Nebraska Press. 2010: 276. ISBN 9780803231986.
^Bryan E., Penprase. The Power of Stars: How Celestial Observations Have Shaped Civilization. Springer Science & Business Media. 2010: 128–130. ISBN 9781441968036.
^Cecilia Garcia, James D. Adams. Healing with medicinal plants of the west – cultural and scientific basis for their use. Abedus Press. 2005. ISBN 978-0-9763091-0-9.
参考书目
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Brown, Alan K. The Aboriginal Population of the Santa Barbara Channel. University of California Archaeological Survey Reports. 1967, 69: 1–99.
Cook, Sherburne F. 1976. The Conflict between the California Indian and White Civilization. University of California Press, Berkeley.
Cook, Sherburne F. 1976. The Population of the California Indians, 1769–1970. University of California Press, Berkeley.
Cordero R. The Ancestors Are Dreaming Us. News From Native California [serial online]. Spring2012 2012;25(3):4–27. Available from: Academic Search Premier, Ipswich, MA. Accessed March 22, 2014.
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McLendon, Sally and John R. Johnson. 1999. Cultural Affiliation and Lineal Descent of Chumash Peoples in the Channel Islands and the Santa Monica Mountains. 2 volumes. Prepared for the Archeology and Ethnography Program, National Park Service by Hunter College, City University of New York and the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History.
Mithun, Marianne. (1999). The Languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0-521-23228-9.
Pritzker, Barry M. A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. ISBN978-0-19-513877-1.
Sandos J. Christianization among the Chumash: an ethnohistoric perspective. American Indian Quarterly [serial online]. Winter91 1991;15:65–89. Available from: OmniFile Full Text Mega (H.W. Wilson), Ipswich, MA. Accessed March 22, 2014.
Timbrook, J.; Johnson, J. R.; Earle, D. D. Vegetation burning by the chumash. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology. 1982, 4 (2): 163–186. JSTOR 27825120.