三尖叉齒獸屬

三尖叉齿兽属
化石时期:251–220 Ma
无效状况
科学分类 编辑
界: 动物界 Animalia
门: 脊索动物门 Chordata
纲: 合弓綱 Synapsida
演化支 獸孔類 Therapsida
科: 三尖叉齿兽科 Thrinaxodontidae
属: 三尖叉齿兽属 Thrinaxodon
Seeley, 1894
模式種
Thrinaxodon liorhinus
Seeley, 1894
  • T. liorhinus Seeley, 1894
  • 巴西三尖叉齒獸 T. brasiliensis
T. liorhinus的頭頸部化石
發現於南極洲的脊椎與肋骨化石(編號AMNH 9516)

三尖叉齒獸屬学名Thrinaxodon)又譯三叉棕櫚龍,是種獸孔目犬齒獸類動物,生存於三疊紀南非南極洲,三尖叉齒獸非常類似哺乳動物,是種著名的過渡化石[1][2]

發現與命名

T. liorhinus的化石
發現於南非的頭顱骨(編號AMNH 5630)

三尖叉齒獸的化石發現於南非南極洲,地質年代為三疊紀,約2億5100萬到2億2000萬年前。三尖叉齒獸的化石地理分布,顯示這兩個大陸在當時彼此相接。

三尖叉齒獸的屬名在古希臘文意為「三叉的牙齒」,意指其頰齒形狀。在某些文獻裡,其屬名曾被誤植為「Thrinacodon」。

敘述

根據已知的兩個種,三尖叉齒獸的體型約從30到50公分之間[3]。許多科學家認為三尖叉齒獸頭骨上的洞孔,顯示牠們擁有鬍鬚,但不確定牠們是否覆蓋皮毛[4]。有科學家推測說,三疊紀早期的氣溫差異大,而三尖叉齒獸是廣溫性動物,顯示牠們的體溫調節能力已接近哺乳動物[5]。三尖叉齒獸的身體骨骼仍有許多爬行動物的特徵,仍是種卵生動物[6]

根據2003的一份研究,某些早期犬齒獸類可能是穴居動物,例如三尖叉齒獸[7]。三尖叉齒獸是種肉食性動物,擁有銳利牙齒、身體低矮,可能以小型動物維生。根據化石顯示,三尖叉齒獸比牠們的合弓綱祖先更像哺乳類。牠們擁有相當大的頭骨,而且前端有洞,顯示牠們可能有鬍鬚,身體也可能覆蓋者皮毛;但是。雙領蜥的口鼻部也具有類似的洞孔,而沒有鬍鬚。下頜有大型齒骨,牙齒位於齒槽中。三尖叉齒獸的胸部與腹部可能有橫膈膜分隔開,橫膈膜是一種接觸到肺的肌肉,可讓三尖叉齒獸呼吸時比牠們的祖先更有效率。

種系發生學

三尖叉齒獸屬於犬齒獸類演化支,是種原始犬齒獸類,不屬於更衍化的真犬齒獸類。以下演化樹來自於2007年的研究[8]

犬齒獸類

原犬鱷龍 Procynosuchus

德維納獸 Dvinia

Epicynodontia

Cynosaurus

鼩龍獸 Galesaurus

原鼩龍獸 Progalesaurus

三尖叉齒獸 Thrinaxodon

Platycraniellus

真犬齒獸類

犬頜獸類

Probainognathia

大眾文化

參考資料

  1. ^ PHOTOS: 7 Major "Missing Links" Since Darwin. [2012-04-15]. (原始内容存档于2017-11-07). 
  2. ^ Kazlev, M. Alan (April 19, 2011). Glossary entry for "Transitional fossil"页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) in palaeos.com. Retrieved November 10, 2012.
  3. ^ Savage, R.J.G., and Long, M.R. Mammal Evolution: an illustrated guide. Facts On File Inc. 1986: 39. ISBN 081601194X. 
  4. ^ Ruben, J.A.; Jones, T.D. Selective Factors Associated with the Origin of Fur and Feathers. (PDF). Amer. Zool. 2000, 40: 585–596. doi:10.1093/icb/40.4.585. 
  5. ^ Chinsamy-Turan, edited by Anusuya. Forerunners of mammals : radiation, histology, biology. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 2012. ISBN 978-0-253-35697-0. 
  6. ^ Kazlev, A. Thrinaxodon. Palaeos website. [22 February 2012]. (原始内容存档于2013-06-05). 
  7. ^ Damiani R, Modesto S, Yates A, Neveling J. Earliest evidence of cynodont burrowing. Proc. Biol. Sci. August 2003, 270 (1525): 1747–51. PMC 1691433可免费查阅. PMID 12965004. doi:10.1098/rspb.2003.2427. 
  8. ^ Abdala, F. (2007). "Redescription of Platycraniellus Elegans (Therapsida, Cynodontia) from the Lower Triassic of South Africa, and the Cladistic Relationships of Eutheriodonts". Palaeontology 50 (3): 591–618. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00646.x
  • Lambert, David. Dinosaur Encyclopedia. DK Publishing, New York. 2003.  202-203.
  • Tim Haines and Paul Chambers. The Complete Guide to Prehistoric Life. Firefly Books Ltd., Canada. 2006.  69.

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