三中心四电子键

三中心四电子键是用来解释超价分子中成键情况的一种模型,这些分子包括五氟化磷六氟化硫氟化氙以及氟化氢根离子。[1][2] 也被叫做Pimentel-Rundle三中心模型,因为早在1951年,喬治·皮門特爾英语George C. Pimentel就发表了相关研究,[3]而该研究是建立在Robert E. Rundle对于缺电子成键研究上的。[4]

这个模型主要研究三个成直线原子间的成键,例如XeF2中的成键情况。该模型使用了三个并排成直线原子轨道来描述直线型的F-Xe-F分子。Xe-F键是由中心原子(Xe)的全满p轨道和轴向原子(F)的两个半满轨道组合而成,包括一个全满的成键轨道,一个全满的非键轨道和一个空的反键轨道。HOMO主要集中在两个端基原子上,对应的现象是在超价分子中端基原子的电负性都很大。其他更复杂的分子,例如PF5和SF4,则相当于采取了一个三中心四电子键外加三个(PF5)或两个(SF4)其他的已知键。而SF6中所有键均用三中心四电子键来解释。

超价分子XeF2中的3c-4e模型。

XeF2中的成键情况也可以用以下的路易斯结构共振式表示:

在这种表述方式中,八隅体规则没有被破坏,每个键的键级为1/2,同样也符合氟原子周围电荷密度增高的试验现象。这种解释和以上通过分子轨道理论的解释基本一致。

在一些描述超价键的比较旧的理论中,一般引用到d轨道。尽管直到2008年,一些初学者层次的大学课本仍然会出现这些理论,但是根据量子化学的计算,因为p轨道(全满)和d轨道(空)之间的能量差别太大,所以d轨道参与程度几乎可以忽略不计。另外需要了解的是,谈论共价键时所讨论的“d轨道”和进行量子化学计算时用到的“d方程”并不是完全相同的。三中心四电子键的理论的优点就是免去了对d轨道的描述,这也是人们接受该理论的原因。[5]

参考资料

  1. ^ Greenwood, N. N.; Earnshaw, A. Chemistry of the Elements 2nd Edition. Oxford:Butterworth-Heinemann. 1997. ISBN 0-7506-3365-4.  p. 897.
  2. ^ Weinhold, F.; Landis, C. Valency and bonding, Cambridge, 2005; pp. 275-306.
  3. ^ Pimentel, G. C. The Bonding of Trihalide and Bifluoride Ions by the Molecular Orbital Method. J. Chem. Phys. 1951, 19, 446-448. doi:10.1063/1.1748245
  4. ^ Rundle, R. E. Electron Deficient Compounds. II. Relative Energies of "Half-Bonds". J. Chem. Phys 1949, 17, 671-675.doi:10.1063/1.1747367
  5. ^ Ramsden, C. A. Non-bonding molecular orbitals and the chemistry of non-classical organic molecules. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1994, 111-118.

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