Xvaran
Xvaran (화랑)[1] — o‘smirlar tarbiyasi bilan shug‘ullangan Birlashgan Silla davridagi (VII—X asrlar) muhim ijtimoiy ta’sirga ega bo‘lgan, o‘ziga xos institut. Xvaranlar — o‘z atrofida o‘nlab (ba’zan ikki yuz, uch yuz) shogirdni to‘plagan murabbiylar bo‘lib, shogirdlarining jismoniy va axloqiy tarbiyalari, jangovar tayyorgarliklari, ta’limi va shu bilan bir qatorda, «davlatni boshqarish asoslari»ni bilishlari uchun; shogirdga nisbatan biror kishi adolatsizlik qilgan taqdirda o‘z fikrida qat’iy tura olishlari va hokazo uchun mas’ul bo‘lganlar. Xvaranlar «xvaranlar kodeksi»da belgilangan axloqiy me’yorlarga rioya etilgan taqdirdagina shogirdlarining sadoqatlariga talabgor bo‘la olganlar. Aks holda, shogird murabbiyini (ustozini) tark etishga haqli bo‘lgan. Xvaranlar orasidan ko‘pgina sarkardalar va davlat arboblari yetishib chiqqan. Xvaranlar shamanlik vazifasini ham bajarishgan; davlat ahamiyatidagi marosimlarni bajarishgan; mahalliy she’riy an’ananing qo‘riqchilari va ijodkorlari bo‘lishgan.
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