Takahe

Takahe
Muhofaza maqomi
	; Qirilib ketish arafasida
Biologik klassifikatsiya
Olam:	Hayvonlar;
Kenja olam:	Eumetazoa;
Tip:	Xordalilar;
Kenja tip:	Umurtqalilar;
Sinf:	Qushlar;
Kenja sinf:	Yelpigʻich dumli qushlar;
Infrasinf:	Yangi tanglayli qushlar;
Turkum:	Turnasimonlar;
Oila:	Suvmoshaklar;
Urugʻ:	Sulton tovuq;
Tur:	Takahe;
Binar nomi
	Porphyrio hochstetteri; Meyer, 1883
	; Takahe tarqalish hududi (Qoʻriqxonalar bilan birgalikad)

Takahe (lotincha: Porphyrio hochstetteri) — Turnasimonlar turkumi suvmoshaklar oilasiga kiruvchi uchmaydigan qush turi. Yangi Zelandiyaning Janubiy orolidagi Te Anau ko‘li atrofida tarqalgan endemik tur. Malum vaqt davomida qirilib ketgan tur deb hisoblangan (Lazar effekti).

Tashqi koʻrinishi

Takahe suvmoshaklar oilasining hozirgi kunda yashovchi eng yirik vakili hisoblanadi. Tashqi koʻrinishidan oddiy sulton qushini esalatadi. Uning tana uzunligi o‘rtacha 63 santimetr, bo‘yi taxminan 50 santimetrni tashkil etadi. Narlarining o‘rtacha vazni 2,7 kg, urg‘ochilari esa 2,3 kg. Yovvoyi tabiatda 18 yilgacha, tutqunlikda 22 yilgacha yashashi mumkin.

Tarixi

Qadimda ushbu qush butun Yangi Zelandiya hududi bo‘ylab tarqalgan. Shimoliy orolda uni Mogo (Porphyrio mantelli), Janubiy orolda esa Takahe deb atashgan. Maori xalqi bu qushlarni pati va go‘shti uchun ovlashgan.

1847-yilda tabiatshunos Walter Mantell Shimoliy oroldagi qishloqda nomalum qush qoldiqlarini sotib oladi, va ularni ingliz olimi Richard Owenga jo‘natadi. 1848-yilda Owen qushni yangi Notornis^[2] (qadimgi yunoncha: νότος (notos) « janub» va ὄρνις (ornis) « qush») turkumiga kiritib, bu turni Notornis mantelli deb nomladi. G‘arbda bu qushni moa qushi kabi qadimda yo‘qolib ketgan tur deb tahmin qilishdi.

Biroq oradan ikki yil o‘tgach, bir guruh ovchilar tirik qushni tutib, uni o‘ldirishadi. Walter Mantell qush patlari va terisini ovchilardan sotib olib, otasi Gideon Mantellga yuboradi. Gideon Mantell namunalarni o‘rganib, bu Notornis, ilgari faqat qazilma suyaklaridan ma’lum bo‘lgan tirik qush, ekanligini aniqlaydi va 1850-yilda uni London Zoologiya jamiyati yig‘ilishida taqdim etadi^[3]. 1851-yilda maorilar tomonidan tutib olingan yana bir qush Walter Mantelga yuborildi, Mantel qushning to‘liq skeletini Londonga jo‘natadi. Olimlar qushni organib Mantel tomonidan jonatilgan birinchi qushdan farq qilishini aniqlashadi va qushni, Ferdinand von Hochstetter sharafiga, Notornis hochstetteri deb nomlashadi. XIX asr davomida bu qush yana ikki marta — 1879 va 1898-yillarda qayd etilgan. 1898-yildan so‘ng esa ishonchli tasdiqlangan kuzatuvlar bo‘lmagani sababli u yo‘qolib ketgan tur deb hisoblangan^[4].

Taksonomiya va sistematika

XX asrning ikkinchi yarmi davomida ikki Notornis turi alohid tur emas, balki bitta turning kenja turlari sifatida qayta tasniflandi: Shimoliy orolda Notornis mantelli mantelli, Janubiy orolda esa Notornis mantelli hochstetteri deb yuritila boshlandi. Keyinchalik olib borilgan morfologik tadqiqotlar ular avstralosiyo sulton tovig‘i yoki pukekoga (Porphyrio melanotus) yaqin ekanligi ma'lum boldi va takahe sulton tovuq (Porphyrio) urug‘iga kiritildi.

Manbalar

↑ BirdLife International (2020). "Porphyrio hochstetteri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22692808A170983662.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22692808/170983662. Qaraldi: 12 November 2021. Takahe]]
↑ Owen, R. (1848). "On Dinornis (Part III): containing a description of the skull and beak of that genus, and of the same characteristic parts of Palapteryx, and of two other genera of birds, Notornis and Nestor, forming part of an extensive collection of ornithic remains discovered by Mr Walter Mantell at Waingongoro, North Island of New Zealand". Transactions of the Zoological Society of London 3: 345–378, pls 52–56.
↑ Mantell, Gideon Algernon (2010). "V. Notice of the Discovery by Mr. Walter Mantellin the Middle Island of New Zealand, of a Living Specimen of the Notornis, a Bird of the Rail Family, allied to Brachypteryx, and hitherto unknown to Naturalists except in a Fossil State". The Transactions of the Zoological Society of London. 4 (2): 69–72. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1862.tb08048.x.
↑ Ballance, Alison A. (2001). "Takahe: the bird that twice came back from the grave". In Lee, William G.; Jamieson, Ian G. (eds.). The Takahe: Fifty Years of Conservation Management and Research. Dunedin, New Zealand: University of Otago Press. pp. 18–22. ISBN 978-1-877276-01-9.

[iucn_status_12_November_2021-1] BirdLife International (2020). "Porphyrio hochstetteri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22692808A170983662.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22692808/170983662. Qaraldi: 12 November 2021. Takahe]]

[2] Owen, R. (1848). "On Dinornis (Part III): containing a description of the skull and beak of that genus, and of the same characteristic parts of Palapteryx, and of two other genera of birds, Notornis and Nestor, forming part of an extensive collection of ornithic remains discovered by Mr Walter Mantell at Waingongoro, North Island of New Zealand". Transactions of the Zoological Society of London 3: 345–378, pls 52–56.

[3] Mantell, Gideon Algernon (2010). "V. Notice of the Discovery by Mr. Walter Mantellin the Middle Island of New Zealand, of a Living Specimen of the Notornis, a Bird of the Rail Family, allied to Brachypteryx, and hitherto unknown to Naturalists except in a Fossil State". The Transactions of the Zoological Society of London. 4 (2): 69–72. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1862.tb08048.x.

[4] Ballance, Alison A. (2001). "Takahe: the bird that twice came back from the grave". In Lee, William G.; Jamieson, Ian G. (eds.). The Takahe: Fifty Years of Conservation Management and Research. Dunedin, New Zealand: University of Otago Press. pp. 18–22. ISBN 978-1-877276-01-9.

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