Nisbiylik nazariyasi

Nisbiylik nazariyasida taʼriflangan fazo va vaqtning egilishi

Nisbiylik nazariyasi — fazo va vaqtning har qanday fizik jarayon uchun oʻrinli boʻlgan xususiyatlari haqidagi hozirgi zamon fizika taʼlimoti. Albert Einstein yaratgan nisbiylik nazariyasi 2 qismdan: maxsus nisbiylik nazariyasi va umumiy nisbiylik nazariyasidan iborat boʻlib, maxsus nisbiylik nazariyasi 1905-yilda, umumiy nisbiylik nazariyasi 1916-yilda nihoyasiga yetkazilgan.

Fazo va vaqt haqidagi tushunchalar turli davrda turlicha boʻlgan. Klassik fizikada vaqtning fazo bilan materiyaga hech qanday dahli yoʻq. Fazo va vaqt haqidagi klassik mexanika taʼlimotini Galileo Galilei nisbiylik prinsipi asosida fizik ravishda ifodalash mumkin. Fazoning aniq nuqtasida aniq vaqtda roʻy beruvchi hodisani voqea deyiladi. Mexanik hodisalar barcha inersial sanoq sistemalarda bir xil roʻy beradi, demak, harakat tenglamasining yozilish shakli barcha inersial sanoq sistemalarda bir xildir. Bu xususiyat Galilei almashtirishlariga nisbatan Isaac Newton harakat tenglamasining invariantligi deyiladi.

Nisbiylik nazariyasiga koʻra, fizik jarayonlarda fazo va vaqt xususiyatlari oʻzaro bogʻliqdir. Fazo va vaqtning oʻzaro bogʻlanishi harakat tufaylidir. Jism turli harakatda ekan, fazo va vaqt xususiyatlari ham turlichadir. Maxsus nisbiylik nazariyasi uchun 2 prinsip (asosiy qonun) zamin hisoblanadi: birinchisi nisbiylik prinsipi, ikkinchisi yorugʻlik tezligining doimiyligidir. Nisbiylik prinsipiga asosan, fizik qonuniyatlarni ifodalovchi matematik tenglamalar bir xil koʻrinishga ega, yaʼni ular turli inersial sanoq sitemalarga nisbatan invariantdir. Ikkinchi prinsipni quyidagicha ifodalash mumkin: yorugʻlikning boʻshliqdagi tezligi barcha inersial sanoq sistemalarda bir xil qiymatga ega boʻlib, yorugʻlik manbaining harakatiga bogʻliq emas.

Gravitatsiya, fazo va vaqt haqidagi hozirgi zamon fizik nazariyasi, asosan, Esinstein tomonidan yaratildi va umumiy nisbiylik nazariyasi nomini oldi. Umumiy nisbiylik nazariyasining yaratilishida ekvivalentlik prinsipi asos boʻlib xizmat qildi.

Nisbiylik nazariyasidan kelib chiquvchi xulosalar juda koʻp tekshirishlar, kuzatishlar va tajribalar asosida tasdiqlangan. Hozirgi kungacha nisbiylik nazariyasining kamchiliklari mavjudligini koʻrsatuvchi biror dalil yoki tajriba natijalari maʼlum emas.

Albert Einstein 1905-yilda Albert A. Michelson, Hendrik Lorentz, Henri Poinar va boshqalar tomonidan olingan koʻplab nazariy natijalar va empirik topilmalar asosida maxsus nisbiylik nazariyasini eʼlon qildi. Max Plank, Hermann Minkovskiy va boshqalar keyingi ishlarni bajarishdi.

Einstein 1907-1915-yillar orasida umumiy nisbiylikni ishlab chiqdi, 1915-yildan keyingi koʻpchilikning hissalarini qoʻshdi. Umumiy nisbiylikning yakuniy shakli 1916-yilda chop etildi.

„Nisbiylik nazariyasi“ atamasi 1906-yilda Plank tomonidan ishlatilgan „nisbiy nazariya“ iborasiga asoslangan boʻlib, u nazariyaning nisbiylik tamoyilini qanday ishlatishini taʼkidlab oʻtdi. Xuddi shu yozuvning munozarali qismida Alfred Bukerer birinchi marta „nisbiylik nazariyasi“ (nemischa: Relativitätstheorie ) iborasini ishlatgan

1920-yillarga kelib fizika jamiyati maxsus nisbiylikni tushunib, qabul qildi. Atom fizikasi, yadro fizikasi va kvant mexanikasining yangi sohalarida teorisyenler va eksperimentalistlar uchun juda muhim va zaruriy vositaga tezda aylandi.

Taqqoslash uchun, umumiy nisbiylik Nyuton tortishish nazariyasi mazmuniga kichik tuzatishlarni kiritmasdan ham foydali koʻrinmaydi. Eksperimental test uchun juda kam imkoniyatni taklif qilgandek tuyuldi, chunki uning koʻpchiligi astronomik miqyosda edi. Uning matematikasi juda kam sonli odamlar tomonidan murakkab va toʻliq tushunilgan edi. Taxminan 1960-yillarda umumiy nisbiylik fizika va astronomiyaga katta eʼtibor qaratdi. Yangi riyoziy texnika umumiy nisbiylik darajasini sodda hisoblash uchun qoʻllash va uning kontseptsiyalarini yanada osonroq namoyon qildi. Kvazarlar (1963), 3-kelvin mikrodalga fon radiatsiyasi (1965), pulsarlar (1967) va birinchi qora tuynuk nomzodlari (1981), kabi astronomik hodisalar aniqlangach, ular yana nazariyani tasdiqladi.

Izoh

Ushbu ma'lumot O'zbekiston Milliy Universiteti talabasi Pardayev Asliddin tomonidan tayyorlandi


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