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Kahrabo

Boltiq qahrabosi ichidagi chumoli
Sayqalnmagan qahrabo toshlari

Kahrabo — tabiiy organik birikma, igna bargli daraxtlarning qazilma smolasi. Kimyoviy formulasi S40N64O4. Oltingugurt qoʻshimchalari bor. Moʻrt. Qattiqligi 2,0—2,5. Zichligi 1000–1100 kg/m3. Tarkibi 76—81% uglerod, 10—10,5% vodorod, 7,5—13% kislorod, shuningdek, bir oz oltingugurt va azotdan tashkil topgan. Rangi turli tusli: sariq, qizgʻish jigarrang, bir oz yashil. Smolasimon yaltiraydi. Shaffof va yarim shaffof. Yaxshi jilolanadi, movutga surkalsa elektrlanadi. Yonganda xushboʻy hid tarqatadi. Kahrabo ichida oʻsimlik va hasharot qoldiqlari boʻlishi mumkin. Bunday xillaridan tayyorlangan taqinchoq va yodgorliklar yuqori baholanali. Eng yirik konlari Boltiqboʻyi mamlakatlarida paleogen va neogen davri jinslarida, Belarus, Ukraina, shuningdek, Polsha, Daniya, Shvetsiya, Angliya, AQSH va boshqa joylarda bor. Dunyodagi eng yirik kahrabo koni Kaliningrad yaqinida. Past sifatli kahrobodan oz miqdorda kahrabo kislotasi, yogʻi, tibbiyotda ishlatiladigan preparatlar, lok, zamazka olinadi.

Kahrabodan qadimda taqinchoq va boshqa zebziynat buyumlari tayyorlangan. Kahraboning eng yaxshi turlari qimmatbaho tosh. Shuningdek, kahrabo noyob imoratlarni bezashda ishlatiladi.[1]

Etimtologiyasi

Ingliz tilidagi amber so‘zi arabcha ʿanbar (عنبر)[2] so‘zidan kelib chiqqan bo‘lib, u o‘rta fors tilidagi 𐭠𐭭𐭡𐭫 (anbar, “ambra”, ya’ni ambergris) shakli orqali o‘rta lotincha ambar va o‘rta fransuzcha ambre so‘zlariga o‘tgan. Dastlab bu atama hozir ambergris (fransuzcha ambre gris — “kulrang ambra”) deb ataladigan moddani anglatgan. Ambergris — kashalotdan olinadigan qattiq, mumga o‘xshash modda hisoblanadi. So‘zning “ambergris” ma’nosidagi qo‘llanilishi ingliz tilida XIV asrda, o‘rta ingliz davrida paydo bo‘lgan[3].

Roman tillarida bu so‘z XIII asr oxirlaridan boshlab Boltiq qahrabosi (qazilma smola) ma’nosida ham qo‘llanila boshlagan[4]. Dastlab u oq yoki sariq qahrabo (fransuzcha ambre jaune) deb atalgan. Ushbu ma’no XV asr boshlariga kelib ingliz tilida ham qo‘llanila boshlagan. Keyinchalik ambergrisdan foydalanish kamaygani sari, so‘zning aynan shu ma’nosi asosiy ma’no sifatida qaror topgan[2].

Ikki modda — “sariq qahrabo” va “kulrang ambra” — ikkalasi ham dengiz sohillarida yuvilib chiqib qolgan holda topilganligi sababli, bir-biri bilan bog‘langan yoki aralashib ketgan bo‘lishi mumkin. Ambergris suvdan yengilroq bo‘lgani uchun suv yuzasida suzadi, qahrabo esa zichroq bo‘lib, faqat yuqori sho‘rlangan muhitda, ya’ni kuchli sho‘r dengiz suvlarida suzadi, biroq u toshga nisbatan yengilroq hisoblanadi[5].

Qahraboning qadimgi nomlari — qadimgi Yunon tili ἤλεκτρον (ēlektron) va uning lotincha nomlaridan biri electrum — “yorqin quyosh” ma’nosini bildiruvchi ἠλέκτωρ (ēlektōr) atamasi bilan bog‘liq[6][7]. Afsonaga ko‘ra, Quyosh xudosi Geliosning o‘g‘li Faeton halok bo‘lgach, uning qayg‘uga botgan opa-singillari terak daraxtlariga aylangan, ularning ko‘z yoshlari esa elektron, ya’ni qahraboga aylangan[8]. Elektron so‘zi qahraboning statik elektr zaryadini hosil qila olish xususiyati tufayli elektr, elektr energiyasi va ularga oid boshqa atamalarning shakllanishiga asos bo‘lgan[9].

Manbalar

  1. ↑ OʻzME. Birinchi jild. Toshkent, 2000-yil
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 Harper, Douglas, ed (18 September 2022). "amber". Online Etymology Dictionary. https://www.etymonline.com/word/amber. 
  3. ↑ Middle English Compendium, University of Michigan, 2024-03-10
  4. ↑ austin „Amber History“ (en-US). Amber International (2018-yil 17-aprel). Qaraldi: 2024-yil 22-aprel.
  5. ↑ see: Abu Zaid al Hassan from Siraf & Sulaiman the Merchant (851), Silsilat-al-Tawarikh (travels in Asia).[oydinlashtirilsin]
  6. ↑ Homeric (Iliad 6.513, 19.398). The feminine ἠλεκτρίς being later used as a name of the Moon. King, Rev. C.W.. The Natural History of Gems or Decorative Stones. Cambridge (UK), 1867 — 315-bet. 
  7. ↑ The derivation of the modern term "electric" from the Greek word for amber dates to the 1600 (Latin electricus "amber-like", in De Magnete by William Gilbert). Heilbron, J.L.. Electricity in the 17th and 18th Centuries: A Study of Early Modern Physics. University of California Press, 1979 — 169-bet. ISBN 978-0-520-03478-5. . The word "electron" (for the fundamental particle) was coined in 1891 by the Irish physicist George Stoney whilst analyzing elementary charges for the first time. Aber, Susie Ward. „Welcome to the World of Amber“. Emporia State University. 2007-yil 28-aprelda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2007-yil 11-may.
  8. ↑ Michael R. Collings, Gemlore: An Introduction to Precious and Semi-Precious Stones, 2009, p. 20
  9. ↑ "Electric." Online Etymological Dictionary. Retrieved 6 September 2018.

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