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James Wilson

James Wilson (1805-yil 3-iyun – 1860-yil 11-avgust) — shotlandiyalik biznesmen, iqtisodchi va Liberal siyosatchi bo‘lib, u The Economist haftalik jurnaliga hamda Hindistonning Charterred banki, Avstraliya va Xitoy bankiga asos solgan; bu bank 1969-yilda Standard Bank bilan qo‘shilib, Standard Chartered bankini tashkil etgan[1][2][3][4]. U 1859-yil dekabridan 1860-yil avgustdagi vafotigacha Vitseroy Ijroiya Kengashining birinchi moliya a’zosi bo‘lgan. U 1857-yildagi "Sipohiylar isyoni"dan keyingi tartibsizliklarni bartaraf etish uchun Hindistonga yuborilgan bo‘lib, u yerda Hindiston tarixidagi birinchi byudjetni taqdim etgan hamda davlat hisob-kitob tizimi, To‘lov idorasi, audit tizimi, shuningdek davlatning qog‘oz pullari, Hindiston politsiyasi, Harbiy moliya komissiyasi va Fuqarolik moliya komissiyasiga mas’ul bo‘lgan[5].

Erta hayoti

Wilson Havik shahrida, Scottish Borders hududida tug‘ilgan. Uning otasi, Uilyam Wilson, shapka ishlab chiqarish korxonasiga ega bo‘lgan, ajdodlari esa mahalliy qo‘y boqish bilan shug‘ullangan. U o‘n besh farzandning to‘rtinchisi bo‘lib, ulardan o‘ntasi voyaga yetgan. Uning onasi Jeyms yoshligida vafot etgan[6].

Intizomli va muvaffaqiyatli advokat bo‘lgan Wilson dastlab maktab o‘qituvchisi bo‘lishi kutilgan edi, biroq u bu kasbni shu qadar yoqtirmas ediki, “otamning tegirmonida eng oddiy xizmatkor bo‘lishni afzal ko‘rardim” degan. U advokat bo‘lish maqsadida huquqni o‘rganishni o‘ylab ko‘rgan, biroq bu uning oilaviy dinidan voz kechishini talab qilgan bo‘lardi. Shu sababli u biznesni o‘rganishga qaror qildi va o‘n olti yoshida shapka fabrikasida shogird bo‘lib ishlay boshladi. Keyinchalik otasi bu biznesni unga va uning akasi Uilyamga sotib olib berdi. Jeyms Wilson o‘n to‘qqiz yoshga kirganida, aka-ukalar Shotlandiyani tark etib, har biri £2,000 mablag‘ bilan Londonga ko‘chib o‘tishdi[7].

Faoliyati

Biznes

Aka-ukalar ishlab chiqarish fabrikasini — "Wilson, Irwin & Wilson" kompaniyasini tashkil etdilar, ammo uni 1831-yilda yopdilar. Wilson ushbu sohada katta muvaffaqiyat bilan faoliyatini davom ettirdi (uning Sof qiymat 1837-yilda £25,000 bo‘lgan, equivalent to £2 416 797 in 2021). 1837-yildagi iqtisodiy inqiroz vaqtida indigo narxining tushib ketishi natijasida u boyligining katta qismini yo‘qotdi. 1839-yilga kelib u ko‘p mulklarini sotdi va bankrotlikdan qutuldi. 1853-yilda esa u Hindistonning Chartered bankiga, Avstraliya va Xitoy bankiga asos soldi, bu bank keyinchalik Standard Bank bilan qo‘shilib, 1969-yilda Standard Chartered Bankga aylandi[5].

Jurnalistika

Wilson 1853-yilda taklif qilingan Yashirin ballot tizimiga va G'alla qonuniga qarshi edi. U G‘alla to‘g‘risidagi qonunlarning jamiyatning barcha sinflariga, xususan, yer egalari manfaatlariga ta’siri nomli broshyura yozdi. Bu asar asta-sekin ijobiy baho oldi va uning obro‘si oshdi. Keyinchalik u pul muomalasi haqida, ayniqsa The Revenue; or, What should the Chancellor do? asari orqali yozishni davom ettirdi. U gazetalar, jumladan Manchester Guardian uchun ham maqolalar yozdi. 1843-yilda u free tradeni targ‘ib qilish maqsadida The Economist gazetasiga asos soldi va 16 yil davomida bosh muharrir hamda yagona egasi bo‘lib ishladi. Uning asosiy maqsadi Vestminster parlamentidagi manfaatlar to‘qnashuvini bartaraf etish edi, chunki bunday holatlar ko‘pincha qashshoqlik va ochlikka olib kelgan, ayniqsa Corn Laws bunga yaqqol misol edi. Wilsonning 1848-yil aprel oyida Ten Hours Billga qarshi yozgan maqolasi Karl Marx tomonidan tanqid qilingan[8], chunki u foyda va ish kuni tushunchalarini noto‘g‘ri talqin qilgan deb hisoblangan[9]. The Economist hozirgacha nashr etilmoqda va bugungi kunda uning haftalik tiraji dunyo bo‘ylab 1,6 milliondan oshadi[10]. Wilson o‘z davrining eng hurmatli statistiklaridan biri bo‘lgan va iqtisodiyotni ijtimoiy barqaror kelajakni ta’minlashga xizmat qiluvchi optimistik va ratsional vosita sifatida ko‘rgan; bu qarashlar Adam Smithning Shotlandiya maktabi va Jean-Baptiste Say ning fransuz “Entrepreneur” maktabiga asoslangan edi.[manba kerak]

Oila

Wilson 1832-yil yanvar oyida Newcastle-upon-Tynelik Elizabet Preston bilan turmush qurgan. Ularning olti qizi bo‘lgan, ulardan eng kattasi Eliza Walter Bagehotga turmushga chiqqan[11].

Asarlari

Manbalar

  1. ↑ A Scotchman inside every man. (James Wilson, founder of The Economist) (1993-yil 11-sentyabr).
  2. ↑ James Wilson by Ruth Dudley Edwards in Oxford DNB
  3. ↑ The Pursuit of Reason: The Economist 1843–1993. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business Press, 1993. ISBN 978-0-87584-608-8. 
  4. ↑ Michael Stenton, Who's Who of British MPs (Harvester, Sussex, 1976) ISBN 0-85527-219-8
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 Sreekumar, G.. „From Hawick to Hawick: The story of The Economist founder James Wilson“. Business Standard India (2021-yil 20-yanvar). Qaraldi: 2021-yil 8-sentyabr.
  6. ↑ Bagehot, Walter „Memoir of Right Hon. James Wilson“, . The collected works of Walter Bagehot Forrest Morgan: . Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-13154-4. 
  7. ↑ [http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/monetary-policy/inflation „Inflation and the 2% target“] (en). bankofengland.co.uk. Qaraldi: 2020-yil 2-aprel.
  8. ↑ The Economist 15 April 1848
  9. ↑ Marx, Karl. Capital Volume 1. London: Penguin, 1976 — 338-bet. 
  10. ↑ [http://www.economistgroupmedia.com/planning-tools/circulation/ „The Economist circulation statistics“]. 3 january 2013da asl nusxadan arxivlangan.
  11. ↑ {{Cite ODNB|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/1029%7Ctitle=Walter

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