Erish
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Erish – moddalarning issiqlik taʼsirida qattiq (kristall) holatdan suyuq holatga oʻtish jarayoni. Sof moddalarning erish jarayoni erish haroratiga bogʻliq. Erish vaqtida qattiq holatdagi atomlarning joylashish tartibida fazoviy kristall panjara buziladi. Kristallda atomlar muvozanat vaziyatlari atrofida tebranadi. temperatura koʻtarilgan sari tebranishlar amplitudasi ortib boradi va muayyan kritik kattalikka yetadi, shundan keyin panjara buziladi. Qattiq qotishmalar maʼlum temperatura oraligʻida eriydi. Amorf qattiq moddalar temperatura orta borishi bilan yumshab, asta-sekin suyuq holatga oʻtadi. Modda eriganda hajmi kengayadi, bosim oshishi bilan erish temperaturasi ham ortib boradi. Ayrim moddalar (muz, metall va metalloid) eriganda hajmi kichrayadi va bosim ortishi bilan erish temperaturasi pasayadi.
Molekulyarkinetik tasavvurlarga binoan, moddaning qattiq holatdan suyuq holatga oʻtishida kristall panjaraning buzilishi uchun yetarli miqdorda energiya berilishi zarur. Erish jarayonida moddaga tashqaridan beriladigan energiya uning temperaturasi ortishiga emas, balki kristall panjarasini buzishga sarflanadi.
Erish tabiatda (Yer sirtida qor va muzlarning, Yer qaʼrida minerallarning erishi), fan va texnikada (sof metall va qotishmalar ishlab chiqarishda) katta ahamiyatga ega.
Adabiyotlar
- Oʻzbekiston milliy ensiklopediyasi. Birinchi jild. Toshkent, 2000-yil.
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