Barid
Barīd (arabcha: بريد, koʻpincha „pochta xizmati“ deb tarjima qilinadi) – Umaviylar, keyinchalik Abbosiylar xalifaligida hukumat tomonidan boshqariladigan pochta xizmati. Ilk islom davridagi muhim tashkilotlardan biri boʻlgan barīd nafaqat xalifalik boʻylab rasmiy xat-hujjatlarning yetkazilishini taʼminlagan, balki ichki aygʻoqchilik agentligi sifatida ham faoliyat yuritgan. Bu esa xalifalarga viloyatlardagi voqealar va amaldorlarning faoliyati haqida maʼlumot bergan.
Tarixi
Musulmonlarning barid tashkiloti ulardan oldin hukmronlik qilgan Vizantiya imperiyasi va Sosoniylarning pochta tizimlariga asoslangan boʻlishi mumkin[1]. Qadim zamonlardan beri Yaqin Sharqda pochta tizimlari mavjud boʻlib, bunday tashkilotlar islomdan oldingi bir qancha davlatlarda faoliyat yuritgan. Yoʻllar boʻyida yashovchi aholini u yerdan oʻtib ketayotgan askarlar va amaldorlarning yuklarini tashishga majburlash yoki Ptolemeylar davrida Misrda boʻlgani kabi davlat xizmatlari uchun yuk tashuvchi hayvonlardan foydalanish anʼanasi Ahamoniylar imperiyasi davridan beri mavjud boʻlgan va IV asrda Rim qonunchiligi tomonidan kuchga kiritilgan[2][3].
Manbalar
- ↑ Silverstein 2006.
- ↑ M. Rostowzew. Angariae. Leipzig: Dieterich'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1906 — 249–258, mainly conclusion on p. 249-bet. Qaraldi: 2015-yil 8-aprel.
- ↑ Friedrich Preisigke. Die ptolemäische Staatspost [The Ptolemaic state post]. Leipzig: Dieterich'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1907 — 241–277-bet. Qaraldi: 2015-yil 8-aprel.
Adabiyotlar
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- Donohue, John J.. The Buwayhid Dynasty in Iraq 334 H./945 to 403 H./1012: Shaping Institutions for the Future. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2003. ISBN 90-04-12860-3.
- Frye, Richard N. (October 1949). "Reviews: P.K. Hitti, History of the Arabs". Speculum 24 (4): 582–587. doi:10.2307/2854655. https://archive.org/details/sim_speculum_1949-10_24_4/page/n130.
- Glassé, Cyril. The New Encyclopedia of Islam, Third Edition.. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2008. ISBN 978-0-7425-6296-7.
- Goitein, S.D. (Apr–Jun 1964). "The Commercial Mail Service in Medieval Islam". Journal of the American Oriental Society 84 (2): 118–123. doi:10.2307/597098. https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-american-oriental-society_april-june-1964_84_2/page/118.
- Hawting, G.R.. The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661-750. New York: Routledge, 1986. ISBN 0-415-24072-7.
- Hodgson, Marshall G.S.. The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization, Volume 1: The Classical Age of Islam. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974. ISBN 0-226-34683-8.
- Ibn Khurradadhbih, Abu al-Qasim 'Abd Allah. Kitab al-Masalik wa'l-Mamalik (ar). Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1889.
- Kennedy, Hugh. When Baghdad Ruled the Muslim World: The Rise and Fall of Islam's Greatest Dynasty.. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 2004. ISBN 0-306-81480-3.
- Lambton, A.K.S. (1968). "The Internal Structure of the Saljuq Empire". in Boyle, J.A.. The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 203–282 b. ISBN 0-521-06936-X. https://books.google.com/books?id=16yHq5v3QZAC&pg=PA267.
- Negmatov, N.N. (1997). "The Samanid state". History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Volume IV. Delhi: BRILL. 77–94 b. ISBN 81-208-1595-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=lodSckjlNuMC&pg=PA80.
- Qudamah ibn Ja'far, Abu al-Faraj. Kitab al-Kharadj (Excerpta) (ar). Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1889.
- Silverstein, Adam (2006). "Post, or Barid". in Meri, Josef W.. Medieval Islamic Civilization, An Encyclopedia, Volume 2: L-Z, Index. Leiden and New York: Routledge. 631–632 b. ISBN 0-415-96692-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=LaV-IGZ8VKIC&pg=PA631.
- Sourdel, D. (1960). "Barid". in Gibb, H. A. R.. Encyclopaedia of Islam. Volume I: A–B (2nd nashri). Leiden: E. J. Brill. 1045–1046 b. OCLC 495469456. http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/barid-SIM_1233.
- Al-Tabari, Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir. The History of Al-Ṭabarī.. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1985–2007.
- Yaqut, Ibn 'Abdallah al-Hamawi. The Introductory Chapters of Yaqut's Mu'jam al-Buldan. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1959. ISBN 90-04-08268-9.
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