Ural-Yukagir dilleri

Ural-Yukagir dilleri
Coğrafi dağılımAvrupa ve Rusya
SınıflandırmaKendi başına varsayımsal bir dil ailesi
Alt bölümler
Ural-Yukagir dillerinin coğrafî dağılımı:
  Fin
  Sami
  Mari
  Perm
  Ugor

Ural-Yukagir dilleri, Ural ve Yukagir dillerini tek çatı altında birleştiren varsayımsal bir dil ailesidir.

Önerilen kanıt

Collinder, Ural ve Yukagir dilleri arasındaki genetik ilişki konusundaki iddiasını sözcüksel ve dilbilgisel kanıtlara dayandırmıştır. Dilbilgisel açıdan Collinder'e göre zamirler, nominal hâl ekleri ve fiil çekimi arasındaki benzerlikleri vardır.[1]

Aşağıdaki sözcük karşılaştırma listesi Nikolaeva'dan (2006) alınmıştır.[2]

Proto

Yukagir

Proto Uralca/

Proto-Fin-Ugor

Anlam
* čupo- * cuppa 'keskin' / 'dar, ince'
* eme * ema 'anne'
* iw- * ime- 'emmek'
* köj * koje 'genç adam' / 'adam'
* leɣ * sewe - / * seɣe- 'yemek'
* mon- * monV- 'söyle'
* nu: * nime 'isim'
* olo- * sala- 'çalmak'
*ör- *or- 'bağırmak'
* pe: * pije 'dağ, kaya' / 'taş'
* pöɣ- * pukta- 'koş, zıpla'
* qa:r/*qajr *kore/*ko:re 'deri'
* qol- * kule- 'duymak'
* wonč- * wacV / * wančV 'kök'

Eleştiri

Ural-Yukagir hipotezi birçok araştırmacı tarafından yeterli kanıt olmadığı için reddedilmiştir. Birçok araştırmacı, göz ardı edilemeyecek ortak bir kelime dağarcığı olduğu konusunda hemfikir olsa da, bunların ortak köken sonucu olmadığı, daha ziyade Yukagir ve Ural dilleri konuşmacıları arasındaki temastan kaynaklandığı ve Ural dillerden (özellikle Samoyed kolundan) Yukagir dillerine söz varlığı aktarımı olduğu iddia edildi. Rédei (1999) Ural dillerinden Yukagir dillerine geçtiğini düşündüğü alıntı kelimelerin bir listesini oluşturmuştur.[3] Häkkinen (2012) dilbilgisel sistemlerin özellikle morfoloji konusunda çok az ikna edici benzerlik gösterdiğini iddia eder ve varsayılan Ural-Yukagir eş asıllılarının aslında Uralcanın Sayan'da konuşulduğu erken bir evresinden (MÖ 3000) Yukarı Lena Nehri ve Baykal Gölü yakınında konuşulmuş Yukagircenin erken bir dönemine ödünçlemeler olduğunu öne sürer.[4] Aikio (2014), Rédei ve Häkkinen'in görüşlerine katılarak Ural-Yukagir teorisi hakkında kanıt olmadığını ve mantıksız olduğunu belirtir ve iki aile tarafından paylaşılan ortak kelime dağarcığını ödünçlemelere dayandırır. Buna karşın Aikio, özellikle Rédei'nin ödünçleme listesindeki çoğu eş asıllıyı kabul etmez ve ödünçleme tarihini çok daha yakın bir zamana, MÖ 1. binyıl civarına koyar.[5]

Ayrıca bakınız

Kaynakça

  1. ^ Collinder (1965b), p. 30: "The features common to Yukagir and Uralic are so numerous and so characteristic that they must be remainders of a primordial unity. The case system of Yukagir is almost identical with that of Northern Samoyed. The imperative of the verbs is formed with the same suffixes as in Southern Samoyed and the most conservative of the Fenno-Ugric languages. The two negative auxiliary verbs of the Uralic languages are also found in Yukagir. There are striking common traits in verb derivation. Most of the pronominal stems are more or less identical. Yukagir has half a hundred words in common with Uralic, in addition to those that may fairly be suspected of being loanwords. This number is not lower than should be expected on the assumption that Yukagir is akin to Uralic. In Yukagir texts one may find sentences of up to a dozen words that consist exclusively or almost exclusively of words that also occur in Uralic. Nothing in the phonologic or morphologic structure of Yukagir contradicts the hypothesis of affinity, and Yukagir agrees well with Uralic as far as the syntax is concerned."
  2. ^ Nikolaeva (2006).
  3. ^ Rédei (1999).
  4. ^ Häkkinen (2012).
  5. ^ Aikio (2014).
  • Aikio (2014). "The Uralic–Yukaghir lexical correspondences: genetic inheritance, language contact or chance resemblance?". Finnisch-Ugrische Forschungen. 2014 (62): 7-76. 
  • Bomhard, Allan R. 2008. Proto-Nostratic'u Yeniden Yapılandırma: Karşılaştırmalı Fonoloji, Morfoloji ve Kelime Bilgisi, 2 cilt. Leiden: Brill.
  • Bouda (1940). "Die finnisch-ugrisch-samojedische Schicht des Jukagirischen". Ungarische Jahrbücher. 20: 80-101. 29 Aralık 2019 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 27 Temmuz 2020. 
  • Jukagirisch und Uralisch. Uppsala Universitets Årsskrift 8. Uppsala: Almqvist & Wiksell. 1940. 
  • Collinder (1957). "Uralo-jukagirische Nachlese". Uppsala Universitets Årsskrift. 12: 105-130. 
  • Collinder (1965a). "Hat das Uralische Verwandte? Eine sprachvergleichende Untersuchung". Acta Societatis Linguisticae Upsaliensis. 1: 109-180. 
  • Collinder (1965b). "An Introduction to the Uralic Languages". Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. 
  • Greenberg, Joseph H. 2000. Hint-Avrupa ve En Yakın Akrabaları: Avrasya Dili Ailesi, Cilt 1: Gramer. Stanford, California: Stanford Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Greenberg, Joseph H. 2002. Hint-Avrupa ve En Yakın Akrabaları: Avrasya Dili Ailesi, Cilt 2: Sözlük. Stanford, California: Stanford Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Greenberg, Joseph H. 2005. Genetik Dilbilim: Teori ve Yöntem Üzerine Denemeler, editör William Croft. Oxford: Oxford Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Häkkinen (2012). "Early contacts between Uralic and Yukaghir". Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia − Mémoires de la Société Finno-Ougrienne. 264: 91-101. 29 Aralık 2019 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 27 Temmuz 2020. 
  • "The Uralo-Yukaghir focus system and problem in remote genetic relationship". Studies in descriptive and historical linguistics. Festschrift for Winfred P. Lehmann. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 1977. ss. 301-316. 
  • Lewy (1928). "Possessivisch und Passivisch. Bemerkungen zum Verbalausdruck in der sprachlichen Typenlehre". Ungarische Jahrbücher. 8: 274-289. 29 Aralık 2019 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 27 Temmuz 2020. 
  • Проблема урало-юкагирских генетических связей ('The Problem of Uralo-Yukaghir Genetic Relationship'). PhD dissertation (Tez). Moscow: Institute of Linguistics. 1988. 
  • A Historical Dictionary of Yukaghir. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 2006. 
  • Paasonen (1907). "Zur Frage von der Urverwandschaft der finnisch-ugrischen und indoeuropäischen Sprachen ('On the question of the original relationship of the Finnish-Ugric and Indo-European languages')". Finnisch-Ugrische Forschungen. 7: 13-31. 
  • Linguistic Science in the Nineteenth Century: Methods and Results. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 1931. 
  • Pedersen, Holger. 1933. "Zur Frage nach der Urverwandtschaft des Indoeuropäischen mit dem Ugrofinnischen." Mémoires de la Société finno-ougrienne 67: 308-325.
  • Piispanen (2013). "The Uralic-Yukaghiric Connection Revisited: Sound Correspondences of Geminate Clusters". Journal de la Société Finno-Ougrienne. 2013 (94): 165-197. 
  • Rédei (1999). "Zu den uralisch-jukagirischen Sprachkontakten". Finnisch-Ugrische Forschungen. 55: 1-58. [ölü/kırık bağlantı]
  • Ruhlen, Merritt. 1987. Dünya Dilleri Rehberi, Cilt 1: Sınıflandırma (bugüne kadar sadece cilt görünür). Stanford, California: Stanford Üniversitesi Yayınları.

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