Solon Anayasası

Solon Anayasası, MÖ 6. yüzyılda Solon tarafından hazırlanan ve söz konusu coğrafyada türünün en eski örneği olma niteliğini taşıyan Yunan anayasası.

İçeriği

Solon Anayasası, kendinden önce gelen Drakon yasalarının toplumsal sorunları çözmek bir yana, ağırlaştıran niteliğini ortadan kaldırmak için hazırlandı.

Getirdiği en önemli reform ise bütün borçların silinmesi ve borçları yüzünden köle durumuna düşenlerin köleliklerinin kaldırılması oldu. Bu reformlar tarihte Seisachtheia (yükten, külfetten kurtulmak) olarak adlandırıldı. Toprağı elinden alınan köylüye toprak dağıtıldı.

Solon, anayasasında adına timokrasi denilen, bir tür dereceli oligarşi fikrini ortaya attı. Yerleşik aristokrasinin doğumdan gelen haklarının yerine, bu yönetim biçiminde değişik kademedeki idareciler ürettikleri yıllık ürün miktarına göre belirlenecekti. Buna göre:

  • Pentakosiomedimnoi - yıllık 500 kilo üretim yapanlar
  • Hippeis - yıllık 300 kilo üretim yapanlara denk görülen atlı savaşçılar
  • Zeugitai - yıllık 200 kilo üretim yapanlara denk görülen çiftçiler, en az bir çift yük hayvanına sahip olanlar
  • Thetes - fakir köylüler, toprağa bağlı köleler ve işçiler

Bu dört gruptan ilk üçünün ödediği vergi sırasıyla 6:3:1 oranındaydı. Dördüncü grup olan thetes vergiden muaftı, ancak seçimlere katılma hakları yoktu.

Drakon'un yasalarından korunan tek şey, eski yasanın cinayetle ilgili bölümleriydi.

Anayasa yürürlüğe girer girmez Solon, bir tiran olarak görülmemek için kendi isteğiyle 10 yıllık bir sürgüne gitti.

Anayasa nesir olarak değil manzum olarak yazıldı.

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