Sadaka

Sadaka (Arapça: الصدقة), İslam dinine ait bir terimdir.

Arapça 'gerçek olmak, doğruluk' anlamına gelen 'sıdk' kelimesinin çoğulu olan 'sadaka', İslam terminolojisinde 'bir Müslümanın gönüllü olarak veya dinî bir vecîbeyi yerine getirmek üzere ihtiyaç sahiplerine yapılan maddî yardım' anlamına gelir.[1]

Arapça anlamı bu olsa da Türkçede fakirlere gönülden verilen bağış anlamında kullanılmıştır. Yahudilikte ve Hristiyanlıkta da adı geçen 'sadaka' genel itibarıyla 'ihtiyaç sahibine gönülden yapılan yardım' anlamına gelir ki bunu devletin zorlamasıyla yapılan yardımlardan ve zekattan ayırmak gerekmektedir.

Kelime kökeni

Arap müelliflerine göre, ş-d-k kökünden iştikak eder ve doğruyu söylemek manasına gelir. Bir Müslümanın sadaka vermesi onun dininin doğruluğunu gösterir. Bu kelime ise, İbranice şedâkâ kelimesinin, ancak Arap harfleri ile yazılmış şekli olup, aslında hulus manasını ifade eder; lâkin mürailerce (fârisi, pharis) dindar İsraillilerin esas vazifeleri, yani sadaka vermeleri için kullanılmıştır ki, bu mefhum kelimenin daha İslam'ın zuhurunda meydana gelen ve sonraları da muhafaza edilen manasını teşkil etmektedir. Buna göre, kelimenin asıl manası insanın kendi ihtiyarı veya arzusu ile verdiği sadaka, hayırperverliktir.

İslâmî deliller

Buna delil olarak getirilen ayetlerden birisi şudur:

"Kimdir o kimse ki Allah'a güzel bir ödünç versin de Allah da onu kat kat artırsın?"[2]

Hadislerden de birçok delil vardır, örneğin:

Her kim aç bir kimseyi doyurursa, Allah ona Cennet meyveleri yedirir. Her kim susuz bir mümine su verirse, Kıyamet Günü'nde Allah Teâlâ ona ağzı kapalı saf bir içecekten içirir. Her kim çıplak bir mümini giydirirse, Allah onu Cennet'in yeşil elbiselerinden giydirir."[3][4]

Her vakitte nâfile sadaka verilebilir. Bazı durumlarda ise, sadaka vermek vâcib olabilir. Sıkıntılı durumdaki birine rastlayıp, bu kişinin ihtiyacını karşılayabileceği bir imkânı olduğu zaman, kişinin sadaka vermesi, yâni o kişiye yardım etmesi, vâciptir.[5]

Ayrıca bakınız

Kaynakça

  1. ^ "Arşivlenmiş kopya". 23 Haziran 2015 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 23 Haziran 2015. 
  2. ^ Kuran, 2:245
  3. ^ Ebû Davud ve Tirmizî, ceyyid bir isnadla rivâyet etmişlerdir. Hadisin Arapça orijinal metninde geçen "hudru'l-cennet" (cennet yeşili), "Cennet'in yeşil elbiseleri" anlamına gelir.
  4. ^ Vehbe Zuhaylî; İslâm Fıkhı Ansiklopedisi; c. 3; s. 395; Risale Basın Yayın, İstanbul: 1990
  5. ^ a.g.e. s.395

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