Eğrelti

Eğrelti
Yaşadığı dönem aralığı: 419,2-0 myö
Devoniyen-Günümüz 
Biyolojik sınıflandırma Bu sınıflandırmayı düzenle
Âlem: Plantae
Şube: Tracheophyta
Alt bölüm: Polypodiophytina
Sınıf: Polypodiopsida
[2]
Altsınıflar[1]
Sinonimler
  • Monilophyta
  • Polypodiophyta
  • Filicophyta
  • Filices

Eğrelti ya da Eğrelti otu (Pteridophyta), 12.000 türü bulunan bitki bölümü.[3] Atkuyrukları da bu bölümde olmasına karşın eğrelti adıyla anılmazlar. Karbonifer döneminde 360 milyon yıl öncesine tarihlenen fosil kayıtları vardır.

Yapraklarının iç yüzünde spor keseleri bulunan damarlı çiçeksiz bitki. Birçok tür ve cinsi, tropikal bölgelerde genellikle ağaçsı, ılıman bölgelerde otsu olarak yetişir. Kök sapları toprak altında bulunan eğreltiotunun yaprakları ince uzun ve çok parçalıdır.

Bitkilerin sınıflanmasında eğreltiotunun yer aldığı sınıfın diğerlerinden farkı spor keselerinin başak biçiminde bir sapın üzerinde değil yapraklar üzerinde bulunmasıdır. Günümüzden 260.000.000 yıl önce de yaşayan eğreltiotlarının karbon devrinde büyük gelişme gösterdikleri ve jeolojik devirde özel mikroorganizmalarca mayalanması sonucunda maden kömürlerinin önemli bir bölümünü oluşturduğu saptandı.

Kimi türlerinde köksap ve yenebilen kök, nişasta bakımından zengindir. Günümüzde süs bitkisi olarak da yetiştirilen eğreltiotları gübre olarak da kullanılır. Başlıca türlerinden olan erkek eğreltiotu (Dryopteris filix-mas) iri yeşil demetler durumundadır ve silisli topraklarda bolca yetişir. Bağırsak asalaklarını düşürücü etkileri olan erkek eğreltiotu adına karşın hem erkek, hem dişi gametler taşır. Dişi eğreltiotu (Ahpri-um filix femina) Kuzey yarımkürede.

Türkiye'de Kuzey Anadolu'da yaygın olarak yetişir. Kartallı eğreltiotunun (Pteridinum aquilinum) yaprakları dik ve parçalıdır. Adını yaprak sapının kesitinde beliren Avusturya kartalını andıran siyah biçimden alır. Eğreltiotlarının tüm dünyada killi ve humuslu topraklarda 10.000′e yakın türü yetişir.

Kaynakça

  1. ^ Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group 2016.
  2. ^ Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group I (2016), "A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns" (PDF), Journal of Systematics and Evolution, 54 (6), ss. 563–603, doi:10.1111/jse.12229 
  3. ^ Chapman, Arthur D. (2009). Numbers of Living Species in Australia and the World. Report for the Australian Biological Resources Study. Canberra, Australia. September 2009. http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/publications/other/species-numbers/index.html 21 Ekim 2013 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi.

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