Değişken ikil oranı

Değişken ikil oranı (İngilizce: Variable bitrate, VBR) bir iletişim teknolojileri ve bilgisayar terimidir. Ses veya video kaydının değişken sıkıştırma oranı ile yapıldığını ifade eder. Bu sayede yerden tasarruf ederken kalite artırılmış olur.

Dijital müzik sıkıştırma formatları genellikle bir parçayı sıkıştırırken her saniye için belirlenmiş bit oranında sıkıştırma yapar. Örneğin, mp3 formatındaki müziklerin çoğu 128 kbit/sn oranında sıkıştırılmıştır. Biraz daha kaliteli olanlar 192, CD kalitesine yakın olanlarsa 320 kbit/sn oranında sıkıştırılmıştır. Örneğin, 128 kbit/sn oranında sıkıştırılmış 4:38 dakikalık bir şarkının kaç MB yer kapladığı şöyle hesaplanabilir;

4:38 dk = 4 x 60 + 38 sn = 278 sn
Şarkı boyutu = (128 / 8) KB x 278 sn = 4448 KB = 4,34 MB

VBR'de bu hesabı yapabilmek böyle basit bir şekilde mümkün değildir, çünkü medya parçası sıkıştırlırken, sıkıştırılan saniyenin ihtiyacı olan minimum kbit/sn oranı belirlenip ona göre sıkıştırma yapılır. Bu durumda sadece bir synthesizer melodisinin geçtiği bir saniye için 32 kbit'lik sıkıştırma yetebilirken; hayvani zil, elektrogitar, bas gitar ve vokal karışımlarının geçtiği bir saniye için 320 kbit'lik sıkıştırma gerekebilmektedir. Böylece, birçok durumda sabit bit oranına göre veri tasarrufu yapılmış ve en üst düzey ses kalitesi elde edilmiş olur. Bu durumda, özellikle zillerin ağırlığını koyduğu kısımlarda karşılaşılan aşırı kalite düşüklükleri görünür olmayacaktır. VBR olarak sıkıştırılmış parçalar 128, hatta 192 ile sıkıştırılmış parçalara oranla daha fazla yer kaplar, ancak kalite farkı bu yer farkından çok daha fazladır.

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