Advaita Vedanta

Kuğu - Advaita'nın Sembolü

Advaita Vedanta, Devanagari अद्वैत वेदान्त, Hint felsefesi dizgelerinden Vedanta'nın "ikicisizlik" öğretisinin Sanskritçe karşılığı.

Advaita öğretisine göre gerçek, "Atman" ile "Brahman"ın iki ayrı benliğinde bölünmüş değil, "Atman"ın "Brahman"la son safhada özdeşleşecek olan tek benliğindedir. "İkicisizlik" öğretisi, Vedanta'nın iki temel ekolünden biridir ve en önemli düşünürü Şankara'dır.

Vedanta Vedaların sonu anlamında Sanskritçe bir kelimedir ve Hindu dharshanalarından (felsefi okul) biridir. Diğer vedanta okulları; Dvaita, Vishishtadvaita ve Bhedābhedadır. Advaita kelimesi ise "ikiliksiz" demektir ve monist bir sistemdir. Advaita kelimesi bu bağlamda Benlik (Atman) ile Evrensel İlke'nin (Brahman) özdeşliğini ifade eder. Brahman üçlü tanrı sistemi Brahma, Vişni, Şiva'daki Brahma ile karıştırılmamalıdır.

Tüm Vedanta okullarının temel kutsal metinleri Upanişadlar, Bhagavad Gita ve Vedanta Sutraları diye de bilinen ve Upanişadlar ile Gita'daki öğretileri sistematik hale getiren Brahma Sutralarıdır.

Ön koşullar

Guru'nun gerekliliği

Adi Şankara ve diğer Advatinlere göre Advaita Vedanta felsefesini izlemek isteyen kişi bir Guru'nun (ruhsal yolda öğretmen) rehberliği altına girmelidir.

Guru'nun taşıması gereken nitelikler ise Mundaka Upanişad 1.1.12'de geçmektedir:

  1. .Śrotriya — Vedik kutsal metinler ve sampradaya (dini gelenek) üzerine eğitim görmüş olmalı
  2. .Brahmaniṣṭha — Kendisi ve diğer her şeyde Brihman'ın birliğini idrak etmiş olmalı.

Talip Guru'suna hizmet etmeli ve ona tevazuyla yaklaşarak şüphelerini giderecek sorular yöneltmelidir. Talip böylelikle doğum ve ölüm çarkından kurtuluşa (mokşa) erecektir.

Sādhana Chatuṣṭaya

Herhangi bir mumukṣu (mokshaya talip olan kişi) dört sampattiye (nitelikler), toplu olarak called Sādhana Chatuṣṭaya Sampatti (dörtlü nitelik) denilen özelliklere sahip olmalıdır:

  1. Nityānitya vastu viveka — Ebedi öz Brahman ile geçici varoluş (anitya) arasındaki farkı ayırt etme (viveka) kabiliyeti.
  2. Ihāmutrārtha phala bhoga virāga — Bu dünyadaki haz veren nesnelere (artha phala bhoga) ve öte dünyada cennetteki haz veren şeylere (amutra) yönelik zühd (virāga).
  3. Śamādi ṣatka sampatti — altı katlı kontrol (śama) antahkaraṇa'nın kontrolü. Vedantik literatürde antahkaraṇa (dahili organ) dört kısımdan müteşekkildir: a) Manas (zihin) — Sankalpa'yı (ira veya kararlılık) yöneten meleke b)Buddhi (entelekt) — karar vermeyi kontrol eden meleke c) Chitta (hafıza) — hatıırlama veya unutma ile ilgili d) Ahamkāra (ego) — Atman'ı (Öz Benlik) bedenle özdeşleştiren meleke 'Ben', dama (harici duyu organlarının kontrolü), uparati (eylemden kaçınıp meditasyon üzerine yoğunlaşma), dört ıstıraba tāpatraya karşı kayıtsızlık titikṣa, śraddha (Guru'ya Vedalara inanç), samādhāna (zihnin Tanrı ve Guru üzerine yoğunlaşması).

4. Mumukṣutva — Dünyanın doğasının ıstırap olduğuna kesin şekilde kanaat getirme ve kurtuluşa (mokşa) yönelik yoğun arzu.

Adi Shankara Tattva bodha (1.2)'de moksha veya kurtuluşun yalnızca yukarıdaki dört niteliği taşıyan kişilerce ulaşılabileceğini söylemektedir. Advaita Vedanta'yı bir maneviyat üstadı ile çalışmak isteyen bir talip bu niteliklere sahip olmalıdır.

Mahavakya

Mahavakya veya "önemli cümleler", Brahman ile Atman'ın birliğini ifade eder. Vedalarda benzeri pek çok cümle bulunur fakat genellikle her vedadan bir cümle seçilmiştir. Bunlar aşağıda sıralanmıştır:

Sr. No. Vakya Anlamı Upanishad Veda
1 प्रज्ञानं ब्रह्म (Prajñānam brahma) Bilinç Brahman'dır aitareya Rig Veda
2. अहं ब्रह्मास्मि (Aham brahmāsmi) Ben Brahman'ım brihadāranyaka Yajur Veda
3. तत्त्वमसि (Tat tvam asi) Sen busun chhandogya Sama Veda
4. अयमात्मा ब्रह्म (Ayamātmā brahma) Bu Atman Brahman'dır mandukya Atharva Veda

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