Sigmund Freud

Sigmund Freud
Larawan ni Sigmund Freud na kuha ni Max Halberstadt noong 1921.
Kapanganakan
Sigismund Schlomo Freud

6 Mayo 1856(1856-05-06)
Kamatayan23 Setyembre 1939(1939-09-23) (edad 83)
London, England
NasyonalidadAustrian
NagtaposUniversity of Vienna (MD, 1881)
Kilala saPsychoanalysis
AsawaMartha Bernays (m. 1886-1939, his death)
ParangalGoethe Prize (1930)
Foreign Member of the Royal Society (London)[1]
Karera sa agham
LaranganNeurology
Psychotherapy
Psychoanalysis
InstitusyonUniversity of Vienna
ImpluwensiyaBörne, Brentano, Breuer, Charcot, Darwin, Dostoyevsky, Fliess, Goethe, Hartmann, Nietzsche, Plato, Schopenhauer, Shakespeare, Sophocles
NaimpluwensiyahanAdorno, Althusser, Bass, Bloom, Breton, Brown, Chodorow, Dalí, Deleuze, Derrida, Firestone, Anna Freud, Fromm, Gallop, Gilligan, Grosz, Guattari, Habermas, Horney, Irigaray, Janov, Jones, Jung, Kandel, Khanna, Klein, Kovel, Kristeva, Lacan, Lyotard, Marcuse, Merleau-Ponty, Mitchell, Paglia, Perls, Rank, Reich, Ricœur, Rieff, Sartre, Solms, Stekel, Sullivan, Trilling
Pirma

Si Sigmund Freud, ipinanganak bilang Sigismund Schlomo Freud (6 Mayo 1856 – 23 Setyembre 1939), ay isang neurologo at sikyatrist ng Austria na nagtatag ng paaralang sikolohiyang siko-analisis. Ang mga magulang ni Freud ay mahirap ngunit kanilang siniguro ang kanyang edukasyon. Pinili ni Freud ang medisina bilang karera at naging kwalipikado bilang isang doktor sa University of Vienna. Kalaunan ay nagsagawa siya ng pagsasaliksik sa cerebral palsy, aphasia at mikroskopikong neuroanatomiya sa Vienna General Hospital. Ito ay humantong sa gantimpala ng isang pagtuturo ng Unibersidad sa neuropatolohiya na isang posisyong kanyang binitiwan matapos pumasok sa pribadong pagsasanay. Sa basehan ng kanyang pagsasanay, si Freud ay bumuo ng mga teoriya tungkol sa walang kamalayang pag-iisip at mekanismo ng represyong sikolohikal. Kanyang nilikha ang sikoanalisis na isang paraang klinikal sa paggamot ng sikopatolohiya sa pamamagitan ng pakikipag-usap ng isang pasyente at sikoanalista.[2] Iminungkahi ni Freud ang pag-iral ng libido na isang enerhiy kung saan ang prosesong pangisipan at mga istruktura ay inilaan. Kanyang binuo ang mga paraang terapeutiko gaya ng malayang asosiasyon kung saan inuulat ng mga pasyente ang kanilang mga pag-iisip nang walang reserbasyon at sa alinmang pagkakasunod na kusang loob itong nangyayari, tinuklas ang transperensiya kung saan inilipat ng mga pasyente sa kanilang mga analista ang mga saloobin batay sa karanasan ng mga mas naunang pigura sa kanilang buhay at itinatag ng sentral na papel nito sa analitikong proseso. Kanyang iminungkahi na ang mga panaginip ay nakakatulong na panatlihin ang panaginip sa pamamagitan ng pagkakatawan ng mga stimuli na pangpandama bilang mga natupad na kahilingan na kundi ay gigising sa nanaginip. Siya ay isa ring mananaysay na humuhugot sa sikoanalisis upang mag-ambag sa interpretasyon at critique ng kultura. Ang sikoanalisis ay nanatiling maimpluwensiya (influential) sa loob ng sikayatriya at sa buong mga humanidad. Sa gayon, ito ay patuloy na lumilikha ng mga malawakang debate na ang pinakakilala ay tungkol sa katayuang siyentipiko nito at kung ito ay nagsusulong o pumipinsala sa mga layuning peminista.[3] Anuman ang nilalamang pang-agham ng mga teoriya ni Freud, ang gawain ni Freud ay nakapagpuno ng isipang intelektuwal at kulturang popular hanggang sa noong 1939 ay isinulat ni W.H. Auden sa isang tulang handog para kay Freud ang mga katagang Ingles na: "to us he is no more a person / now but a whole climate of opinion / under whom we conduct our different lives" ("para sa atin, siya ay hindi na isang tao / ngayon, bagkus ay isang kabuoan ng klima ng opinyon / na sa ilalim niya ay isinasagawa natin ang ating iba't ibang mga buhay").[4]

Mga sanggunian

  1. Tansley 1941.
  2. Ford & Urban 1965, p. 109
  3. Para sa impluwensiya ng sikoanalisis sa loob ng sikyatriya, tingnan ang Michels, walang petsa
    • Tingnan din ang Sadock and Sadock 2007, p. 190: "Certain basic tenets of Freud's thinking have remained central to psychiatric and psychotherapeutic practice."
    • Para sa debate hinggil sa katayuang pang-agham ng sikoanalisis, tingnan ang Stevens, R. 1985, Freud and Psychoanalysis, Milton Keynes: Open University Press, pp. 91-116.
    • Para sa debate na nasa loob ng peminismo, tingnan ang Mitchell 2000, pp. xxix, 303–356, 401-402
  4. Auden 1935

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