Ang Shinkansen (Hapones: 新幹線, [ɕiŋkaꜜɰ̃seɴ] ( makinig), lit. na 'bagong pangunahing linya'), na tinatawag ding bullet train (lit. na 'bala tren') sa wikang Ingles, ay isang kalambatan ng mga linya ng matuling daangbakal (high-speed railway) sa Hapon. Noong una, itinayo ito upang maikonekta ang mga malalayong rehiyon ng bansang Hapon sa Tokyo, ang kabisera, upang makatulong sa paglago at pag-unlad ng ekonomiya. Bukod sa malayuang paglalakbay, ipinangkokomyut ang ilang seksiyon na malalapit sa mga kalakhan.[1][2] Pagmamay-ari ito ng Japan Railway Construction, Transport and Technology Agency at pinatatakbo ng limang kompanya ng Japan Railways Group.
Nagsimula sa Shinkanseng Tokaido (515.4 km; 320.3 mi) noong 1964,[3] lumawak ang kalambatan at ngayon, binubuo ito ng 2,830.6 km (1,758.9 mi) ng linya na may sukdulang bilis na 240–320 km/h (150–200 mph), 283.5 km (176.2 mi) ng linyang Mini-Shinkansen na may sukdulang bilis na 130 km/h (80 mph), at 10.3 km (6.4 mi) ng linyang tari na may serbisyong Shinkansen.[4] Kumakawing ang kalambatan sa halos lahat ng mga pangunahing lungsod sa mga pulo ng Honshū at Kyūshū, at Hakodate sa hilagang pulo na Hokkaido, na may itinatayong karugtong papuntang Sapporo at nakaiskedyul na magsimula sa Marso 2031.[5] Ang sukdulang bilis ng pagtatakbo ay 320 km/h (200 mph) (sa 387.5 km (241 mi) seksiyon ng Shinkanseng Tōhoku).[6] Umabot sa 443 km/h (275 mph) sa mga pagsusulit ng karaniwang tren noong 1996, at mayroon ding pandaigdig na rekord na 603 km/h (375 mph) para sa treng SCMaglev noong Abril 2015.[7]
Ang orihinal na Shinkanseng Tokaido, na kumakawing sa Tokyo, Nagoya at Osaka, ang tatlong pinakamalaking lungsod ng Hapon, ay isa sa mga pinakamataong matuling daambakal sa buong mundo. Sa isang taong yugto bago ang Marso 2017, naglulan ito ng 159 milyong pasahero,[8] at mula nang magbukas ito mahigit limang dekada na ang nakalipas, naghatid ito ng higit sa 6.4 bilyong pasahero.[3] Sa mga abalang oras, may hanggang 16 tren ang linya kada oras at sa bawat direksiyon na may 16 na kotse bawat isa (nakakapagpaupo ng 1,323 tao at minsan nakakapagpasakay ng karagdagang pasaherong nakatayo), at tatlong minuto ang pinakamababang oras sa pagitan ng mga tren.[9]
Matagal nang nauna ang kalambatang Shinkansen ng Hapon sa bilang ng taunang pasaherong sumakay (pinakamataas noong 2007, 353 milyon) ng anumang matuling daambakal, at dinaig lang ito noong 2011, kung kailan nilagpasan ito ng matuling daambakal ng Tsina na nagkaroon ng 370 milyong pasahero bawat taon, at umabot pa sa 2.3 bilyong taunang pasahero noong 2019.[10]
Sa wikang Hapones, ang ibig sabihin ng shinkansen (新幹線) ay 'bagong pangunahing linya', ngunit ginagamit itong salita upang ilarawan ang daanan ng tren at mga tren mismo.[11] Sa wikang Ingles, tinatawag ding bullet train (lit. na 'bala tren') ang mga tren. Nagmula ang bullet train (弾丸列車, dangan ressha) noong 1939, at ito ang naging unang pangalan na ibinansag sa proyekto ng Shinkansen sa pinakamaagang yugto ng pagpaplano nito.[12] Bukod diyan, ang pangalang superexpress (超特急, chō-tokkyū) na tanging ginamit hanggang 1972 para sa mga treng Hikari sa Shinkanseng Tōkaidō, ay ginagamit ngayon sa mga anunsyo at palatandaan sa wikang Ingles.
Malaki ang benepisyo ng Shinkansen sa negosyo, ekonomiya, lipunan, kapaligiran at kultura ng Hapon na nakahihigit sa mga kontribusyon sa konstruksiyon at pagpapatakbo.[13] Tinatantiya na 400 milyong oras ang natitipid mula sa paglipat mula sa isang karaniwang kalambatan sa isang matuling kalambatan, at ¥500 bilyon ang ambag ng sistema sa ekonomiya bawat taon.[13] Hindi kasama rito ang natitipid mula sa pagbawas ng pag-aangkat ng gasolina, na may benepisyo rin sa seguridad ng bansa. May dalawang pangunahing layunin ang mga linya ng Shinkansen, lalo na sa mataong megalopolis ng Sinturong Taiheiyō sa may baybayin:
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← 120 121 122 → ← 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 → Daftar angka — Bilangan bulat ← 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 →Kardinalseratus dua puluh satuOrdinalke-121(keseratus dua puluh satu)Faktorisasi112Pembagi1, 11, 121RomawiCXXIBiner11110012Ternari111113Kuaternari13214Quinary4415Senary3216Oktal1718DuodesimalA112Heksadesimal7916Vigesimal6120Basis 363D36 121 (seratus dua puluh satu) adalah sebuah angka, sistem bilangan, dan nama dari glyph yang mewakili angka ter…
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