Six degrees of separation

Illustration av hypotesen Six degrees of separation.

Six degrees of separation eller hypotesen om sex handslag[1] är en föreställning om att alla personer i världen kan kopplas samman med maximalt sex bekantskapsled.[2]

Den ungerske författaren Frigyes Karinthy lade fram hypotesen att varje person på planeten kan nå någon annan invånare på jorden på bara sex handslag vilket också betyder att man aldrig är längre bort än sex handslag från vem som helst i världen. Hypotesen kallades "six handshakes" eller "six degrees of separation".[1]

Forskning

Idén presenterades ursprungligen 1929 av Frigyes Karinthy[3] och på 1950-talet försökte Ithiel de Sola Pool (MIT) och Manfred Kochen (IBM) utan framgång hitta en matematisk lösning som bevisar hypotesen.[4][5] Hypotesen blev känd 1967 efter att Stanley Milgram utförde världen är liten-experimentet.[2] Den amerikanska forskaren Judith Kleinfeld hävdade 2002 att Stanley Milgrams bevisning är knapphändig[6] och ska ur ett akademiskt perspektiv bättre beskrivas som en myt.[5]

Forskaren Duncan Watts visade 2001 att typiska avståndsled är i storleksordningen fem till sju,[7] och i genomsnitt sex.[4] Microsoft beräknade 2008 att den genomsnittliga kedjelängden mellan dess användare av Windows Messenger var 6,6.[8][4] För Twitter var 2010 det genomsnittliga avståndet mellan deras användare 4,67 och 96% av dess användare fanns inom sex steg.[9] Forskning gjord 2011 av Facebook visar att det genomsnittliga avståndet mellan deras användare är 4,57 led.[10][2]

Six degrees i populärkulturen

Referenser

Noter

  1. ^ [a b] Från kursen "Algorithms on Graphs" av University of California, San Diego
  2. ^ [a b c] ”sex leds avstånd”. IT-ord. https://it-ord.idg.se/ord/sex-leds-avstand/. Läst 20 januari 2018. 
  3. ^ ”Six Degrees of Separation” (på engelska). Oxford Math Center. Arkiverad från originalet den 22 januari 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180122181604/http://www.oxfordmathcenter.com/drupal7/node/655. Läst 22 januari 2018. 
  4. ^ [a b c] ”six degrees of separation” (på engelska). WhatIs.com. http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/six-degrees-of-separation. Läst 22 januari 2018. 
  5. ^ [a b] ”Six Degrees: Urban Myth?” (på engelska). Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/200203/six-degrees-urban-myth. Läst 20 januari 2018. 
  6. ^ [a b c] ”If Osama's Only 6 Degrees Away, Why Can't We Find Him?” (på engelska). Dircover. http://discovermagazine.com/2008/feb/if-osamas-only-6-degrees-away-why-cant-we-find-him. Läst 20 januari 2018. 
  7. ^ ”An Experimental Study of Search in Global Social Networks” (på engelska). Duncan Watts. https://disco.ethz.ch/courses/fs10/seminar/paper/michael-6.pdf. Läst 20 januari 2018. 
  8. ^ ”Proof! Just six degrees of separation between us” (på engelska). Guardian News. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2008/aug/03/internet.email. Läst 22 januari 2018. 
  9. ^ [https://web.archive.org/web/20160811162239/https://sysomos.com/inside-twitter/twitter-friendship-data ”Twitter Friendship Data Six Degrees of Separation, Twitter Style”] (på engelska). sysomos. Arkiverad från originalet den 11 augusti 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160811162239/https://sysomos.com/inside-twitter/twitter-friendship-data. Läst 22 januari 2018. 
  10. ^ ”Three and a half degrees of separation” (på engelska). Facebook. https://research.fb.com/three-and-a-half-degrees-of-separation/. Läst 20 januari 2018. 
  11. ^ ”Then and now: a history of social networking sites / May 1997: Six Degrees” (på engelska). CBS News. https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/then-and-now-a-history-of-social-networking-sites/2/. Läst 20 januari 2018. 
  12. ^ ”Ett oväntat besök (1993)” (på engelska). IMDb. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0108149/. Läst 20 januari 2018. 

Read other articles:

1972 United States presidential election in Vermont

Election in Vermont Main article: 1972 United States presidential election 1972 United States presidential election in Vermont ← 1968 November 7, 1972 1976 →   Nominee Richard Nixon George McGovern Party Republican Democratic Home state California South Dakota Running mate Spiro Agnew Sargent Shriver Electoral vote 3 0 Popular vote 117,149 68,174 Percentage 62.66% 36.47% County results Municipality results Nixon   40-50%   50-...

 

 

Lubuk Lintah, Kuranji, Padang

Lubuk LintahKelurahanMasjid Baitul Hikmah Kampus II UIN Imam Bonjol Lubuk LintahPeta lokasi Kelurahan Lubuk LintahNegara IndonesiaProvinsiSumatera BaratKotaPadangKecamatanKuranjiKode Kemendagri13.71.09.1003 Kode BPS1371090003 Luas-Jumlah penduduk-Kepadatan- Lubuk Lintah adalah salah satu kelurahan di kecamatan Kuranji, Padang, Sumatera Barat, Indonesia. Rektorat dan kampus I UIN Imam Bonjol, SMK Negeri 1 Padang, dan SMK Negeri 1 Sumatera Barat terletak di kelurahan ini. lbsKecamatan Kura...

 

 

443d Airlift Wing

This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (February 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message)This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider...

Ja Thak Wa uprising

Cham revolt in Vietnam (1834-1835) You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Vietnamese. (February 2019) Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Vietnamese article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting mac...

 

 

The Nursery "Alice"

1890 novel by Lewis Carroll The Nursery “Alice” First edition cover of The Nursery “Alice”AuthorLewis CarrollIllustratorJohn TennielCover artistE. Gertrude ThomsonCountryUnited KingdomLanguageEnglishGenreFantasy novelPublisherMacmillanPublication date1890Media typePrint (Hardback)Pages72 ppAdaptations: Alice in Wonderland: Nursery (film) The Nursery Alice (1889/90)[1] is an abridged version of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865) by Lewis Carroll, adapted by the a...

 

 

Japanese destroyer Asanagi

Destroyer of the Imperial Japanese Navy Asanagi at anchor 29 December 1924 History Empire of Japan NameAsanagi BuilderFujinagata Shipyards Laid down5 March 1923 as Destroyer No. 15 Launched21 April 1924 Completed29 December 1924 RenamedAsanagi, 1 August 1928 Stricken10 July 1944 FateSunk on 22 May 1944 General characteristics Class and typeKamikaze-class destroyer Displacement 1,422 t (1,400 long tons) (normal) 1,747 t (1,719 long tons) (deep load) Length 97.5 m (319 ft 11...

Australian Qualifications Framework

Educational standards organization See also: Tertiary education in Australia Australian Qualifications FrameworkLocationThe Office of the Australian Qualifications Framework Council Level 9, 63 Pirie Street Adelaide, South AustraliaWebsiteaqf.edu.au The Australian Qualifications Framework (AQF) specifies the standards for educational qualifications in Australia. It is administered nationally by the Australian Government's Department of Industry, with oversight from the States and Territories,...

 

 

Fiume (Croazia)

Disambiguazione – Rijeka rimanda qui. Se stai cercando la squadra di calcio della città, vedi HNK Rijeka. Fiumecittà(HR) Rijeka Fiume – Veduta LocalizzazioneStato Croazia Regione Litoraneo-montana AmministrazioneSindacoMarko Filipović (SDP) dal 30-5-2021 Lingue ufficialicroato TerritorioCoordinate45°20′N 14°26′E45°20′N, 14°26′E (Fiume) Altitudine0 m s.l.m. Superficie43,4 km² Abitanti107 964[1] (2021) Densità2...

 

 

Paisley Abercorn railway station

Former railway station in Scotland Paisley AbercornThe station site in 2007General informationLocationPaisley, RenfrewshireScotlandCoordinates55°51′07″N 4°25′08″W / 55.8519°N 4.4190°W / 55.8519; -4.4190Platforms2Other informationStatusDisusedHistoryOriginal companyPaisley and Renfrew RailwayPre-groupingGlasgow & South WesternKey dates1 May 1866Opened as Paisley G&SW2 January 1880Renamed Paisley Abercorn5 June 1967[1]Closed Paisley Abercorn r...

Template talk:Shanxi-railstation-stub

This template does not require a rating on Wikipedia's content assessment scale.It is of interest to the following WikiProjects:Stub sorting This template is maintained by WikiProject Stub sorting, an attempt to bring some sort of order to Wikipedia. If you would like to participate, you can choose to improve/expand the articles containing this stub notice, or visit the project page, where you can join the project and see a list of open tasks.Stub sortingWikipedia:WikiProject Stub sortingTemp...

 

 

Luc Besson

Luc Besson Luc Paul Maurice Besson (lahir 18 Maret 1959) adalah seorang sutradara berkebangsaan Prancis. Dia menjadi terkenal saat menyutradarai film utamanya seperti Léon. Dia berkarier di dunia film sejak tahun 1981. Videoklip Pull Marine: Isabelle Adjani (1983) Mon Légionnaire: Serge Gainsbourg (1988) Que mon cœur lâche: Mylène Farmer (1993) Love Profusion: Madonna (2003) Filmografi Luc Besson dapat terlibat dalam banyak proyek film sebagai penulis naskah, sutradara, produser, atau ko...

 

 

Polar Airlines Flight 9949

2013 helicopter accident Polar Airlines Flight 9949An Mi-8 similar to the accident aircraftAccidentDate2 July 2013 (2013-07-02)SummaryControlled Flight into Terrain due to pilot error[1]SiteDeputatsky, Sakha Republic, Russia 69°42′27.8″N 139°26′18″E / 69.707722°N 139.43833°E / 69.707722; 139.43833AircraftAircraft typeMil Mi-8OperatorPolar AirlinesRegistrationRA-22657Occupants28Passengers25Crew3Fatalities24Injuries4Survivors4 On 2...

Fairhaven (sternwheeler)

American sternwheel steamboat Fairhaven under construction. History NameFairhaven OwnerPacific Nav. Co.; La Conner Trading & Trans. Co.; Puget Sound Nav. Co. RoutePuget Sound BuilderJohn J. Holland Completed1889 Out of service1918 IdentificationUS registry 126378 FateDestroyed by fire 1918 General characteristics Tonnage319.39 gross, 240.57 registered Length130.2 ft (39.7 m) Beam26.5 ft (8.1 m) Depth6.2 ft (1.9 m) depth of hold Installed powertwin steam engin...

 

 

Депортация немцев из Чехословакии

См. также: Депортация немцев после Второй мировой войны Эшелон с немецкими беженцами из Чехии, 1945 Депортация немцев из Чехословакии — процесс насильственного выселения этнического немецкого меньшинства в Чехословакии после Второй мировой войны. Начался практически...

 

 

James Kwalia

James Kwalia C'KuruiJames Kwalia ai Giochi olimpici di Pechino 2008Nazionalità Kenya (fino al 2004) Qatar (dal 2005) Altezza168 cm Peso55 kg Atletica leggera SpecialitàMezzofondo Record 1500 m 3'3702 (2006) Miglio 3'5039 (2003) 2000 m 4'5911 (2003) 3000 m 7'2828 (2004) 5000 m 12'5458 (2003) 10000 m 28'5514 (2010) 10 km 29'05 (2012) CarrieraNazionale 2001-2004 Kenya2005- Qatar Palmarès  Kenya Competizione Ori Argenti Bronzi Mondiali allievi 0 0 1  Qatar Competizione Ori ...

Henri de Boulainvilliers

French Nobleman, Historian, Writer, and Soldier The alleged portrait of Henri de Boulainvilliers Boulainvilliers redirects here. For the Paris RER station, see Boulainvilliers (Paris RER). For the minor planet, see 8521 Boulainvilliers. Henri de Boulainvilliers (French: [də bulɛ̃vilje]; 21 October 1658, Saint-Saire, Normandy – 23 January 1722, Paris) was a French nobleman, writer and historian. He was educated at the College of Juilly; he served in the army until 1697.[1]...

 

 

有毛目

有毛目 オオアリクイMyrmecophaga tridactyla 分類 ドメイン : 真核生物 Eukaryota 界 : 動物界 Animalia 門 : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata 綱 : 哺乳綱 Mammalia 亜綱 : 獣亜綱 Theria 下綱 : 真獣下綱 Eutatheria 上目 : 異節上目 Xenarthra 目 : 有毛目 Pilosa 学名 Pilosa Flower, 1883[1] 和名 有毛目[2] 亜目 ナマケモノ亜目 Folivora アリクイ亜目 Vermilingua 有毛目（ゆうもうもく...

 

 

酒井隆

社会学者の「酒井隆史」とは別人です。 酒井（さかい） 隆（たかし） 生誕 1887年10月18日 日本 広島県賀茂郡原村（現・東広島市）死没 1946年9月30日 中華民国 南京市雨花台所属組織  大日本帝国陸軍軍歴 1908年 - 1943年最終階級 陸軍中将テンプレートを表示 酒井 隆（さかい たかし、1887年（明治20年）10月18日 - 1946年（昭和21年）9月30日）は、日本の陸軍軍人。最終階�...

Tagundaing, Kayin State

This article is about a village within Kayin State. For an ornamented monumental column or flagstaff, see Tagundaing. Place in Kayin State, MyanmarTagondaing စံင်မံင်ထုင်းTagundaingPadma flowerTagondaingLocation of Tagondaing, MyanmarCoordinates: 16°3′59″N 97°54′27″E / 16.06639°N 97.90750°E / 16.06639; 97.90750Country MyanmarState Kayin StateDistrictKawkareik DistrictTownshipKyain Seikgyi TownshipArea • City2.43...

 

 

Comté de Valois

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Valois. Comté de Valois v.829–1185 Le comté de Valois au sein du royaume de France c. 1030.Informations générales Statut fief mouvant de la couronne de France. Capitale Vez, Crépy-en-Valois Langue(s) Latin médiévalAncien français Histoire et événements 1185 Intégration au domaine royal Entités suivantes : Domaine royal français modifier - modifier le code - voir Wikidata (aide) Le comté de Valois, dans la région du Valois – pagus vade...