Ett musikinstrument är ett redskap som används för att framställa eller spela musik. Den mänskliga rösten räknas normalt inte som ett musikinstrument, och inte heller handklappningar, då dessa musikyttringar framställs enbart med den mänskliga kroppen och inte kräver redskap.[1] En musiker som spelar ett instrument kallas instrumentalist, och en musiker som kan spela flera kallas multiinstrumentalist.
System för att klassificera musikinstrument finns dokumenterade från åtminstone 300 f.Kr. Varje epok och kultur har därefter utvecklat sin egen systematik. Dokumentationen av dessa system kan förstås variera högst avsevärt.
Musikinstrument kan indelas i olika familjer:
Ofta jämför man musikinstrumenten med den mänskliga rösten och dess tonomfång. Detta ger en kategorisering, "på ena ledden", efter de namn på de olika sångstämmor som brukar användas i västvärlden. Denna kategorisering kombineras ofta med någon av de andra nedan, man talar till exempel om violinfamiljen som inkluderar samtliga dessa stämmor.
En gitarr låter inte som en xylofon. De olika klangfärger som musikinstrumenten har är viktiga för örat.
Uppdelningen mellan blås-, sträng- och membraninstrument har grekiskt ursprung. Undergrupperna, som knäpp- och stråkinstrument, är av yngre datum.
I Indien delade man redan innan vår tideräkning upp instrumenten i stränginstrument, blåsinstrument, självljudande instrument och membraninstrument. Detta system adopterades av Erich von Hornbostel och Curt Sachs i början av 1900-talet. Deras system kallas Hornbostel-Sachs systemet. En femte kategori har tillkommit sedan dess: elektroakustiska instrument som elpiano. Denna kategorisering är särskilt vanlig bland musiketnologer.
Spelteknik har ofta central betydelse för musiker. En cembalo, ett piano och ett elpiano spelas på likvärdigt sätt men deras konstruktion och klangfärg är mycket olika.
Nedan redovisas en jämförelse mellan olika musikinstruments tonomfång.
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