Federal Reserve System

Federal Reserve System
Seal of the United States Federal Reserve System.svg
Marriner S. Eccles Federal Reserve Board Building.jpg
Federal Reserve Systems huvudkontor i Washington, D.C.
TypCentralbankssystem
HuvudkontorEccles Building
Washington, D.C., USA
NyckelpersonerJerome H. Powell
Ordförande
Philip N. Jefferson
Vice ordförande
Michael S. Barr
Vice ordförande (tillsyn)
BranschBank & finans
ProdukterEkonomisk politik
Finansiell ekonomi
Penningpolitik
Antal anställda20 790 – 2023
Historik
Grundat23 december 1913
GrundareUSA:s kongress
ErsätterSecond Bank of the United States[1]
Ekonomi
Omsättning $ 175,136 miljarder
Överfört till USA:s finansdepartement $ –116,063 miljarder
Vinst efter skatt $ 1,761 miljarder
Tillgångar $ 7,835 biljoner
Eget kapital $ 42,85 miljarder
Övrigt
WebbplatsFederalReserve.gov
FotnoterStatistik: 2023 års bokslut.[2]

Federal Reserve System (även känt som Federal Reserve och informellt som Fed) är USA:s centralbank och grundades genom ett kongressbeslut 1913.

Högsta styrelsen är offentlig och politiskt tillsatt. Amerikanska kongressen har satt upp tre huvudmål för Federal Reserve: Maximera sysselsättning, stabilisera priser samt att moderera långa räntor. Dess uppgifter har utökats över åren och idag, enligt Federal Reserves officiella dokumentation, inkluderar de att sköta USA:s penningpolitik, övervaka och reglera banker, bibehålla stabilitet i det finansiella systemet samt att erbjuda finansiella tjänster till banker och dylikt, den federala statsmakten och utländska offentliga institutioner[3]. Federal Reserve bedriver också forskning om ekonomi och publicerar denna.

Federal Reserve är självständig federal myndighet vilket innebär att de inte är skyldiga att redovisa något inför kongressen eller presidenten annat än sina fattade beslut.

Huvudkontoret återfinns främst i Marriner S. Eccles Federal Reserve Board Building men även i William McChesney Martin, Jr. Building[4] i Washington, D.C.[5]. Centralbankssystemets byggnader övervakas av den egna polismyndigheten Federal Reserve Police.

Historia

För historien bakom Federal Reserve, se USA:s centralbankshistorik.

Regionala centralbanker

Det finns även tolv regionala centralbanker i USA. Dessa kallas Regional Federal Reserve Banks och ägs av dess medlemsbanker. För att en bank ska kunna få låna reserver av Federal Reserve krävs det att banken är medlemsbank i sin regionala centralbank.

Den största regionala centralbanken är Federal Reserve Bank of New York som ligger på Liberty Street nummer 33, Manhattan. Den banken förvaltar mer guld och säkerheter än själva Federal Reserve och Fort Knox – cirka 1 130 miljarder kronor (160 miljarder dollar). Den största delen av tillgångarna är deponerade av utländska stater.

The Federal Reserve Bank of Boston är ansvarig för det första Federal Reserve-distriktet, vilket täcker merparten av Connecticut (utom sydvästra delen), Massachusetts, Maine, New Hampshire, Rhode Island och Vermont. Högkvarteret ligger i Federal Reserve Bank Building i Boston, Massachusetts. Dess kod är A1, vilket betyder att dollarsedlar från banken har bokstaven A.

Distrikt

Federal Reserve Districts – de regionala centralbankernas områden.

Centralbanksdistrikten är förtecknade nedan med identitetsbokstav och dito siffra. Dessa används för att identifiera vilken bank som utfärdat vilken sedel. De 24 avdelningarna är ävenså förtecknade.[6]

Bank Bokstav Nummer Avdelningar Chef
Federal Reserve Bank of Boston A 1 Susan M. Collins
Federal Reserve Bank of New York B 2 John C. Williams
Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia C 3 Patrick T. Harker
Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland D 4 Cincinnati, Ohio
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Loretta J. Mester
Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond E 5 Baltimore, Maryland
Charlotte, North Carolina
Tom Barkin
Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta F 6 Birmingham, Alabama
Jacksonville, Florida
Miami, Florida
Nashville, Tennessee
New Orleans, Louisiana
Raphael Bostic
Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago G 7 Detroit, Michigan Austan Goolsbee
Federal Reserve Bank of Saint Louis H 8 Little Rock, Arkansas
Louisville, Kentucky
Memphis, Tennessee
Alberto G. Musalem
Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis I 9 Helena, Montana Neel Kashkari
Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City J 10 Denver, Colorado
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
Omaha, Nebraska
Jeffrey Schmid
Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas K 11 El Paso, Texas
Houston, Texas
San Antonio, Texas
Lorie K. Logan
Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco L 12 Los Angeles, Kalifornien
Portland, Oregon
Salt Lake City, Utah
Seattle, Washington
Mary C. Daly

Board of Governors

Sammanträde för Federal Reserve i april 2019. Richard H. Clarida (näst längst till vänster vid bordet), Jerome H. Powell, Randal K. Quarles, Lael Brainard och Michelle W. Bowman.

Kärnan i Federal Reserve och det verkliga maktcentret, är Board of Govenors (centralbanksstyrelsen). I styrelsen ska sju personer sitta som är utsedda av USA:s president (och godkända av senaten) för 14 år. Den viktigaste personen i gruppen är centralbankschefen, vilket för närvarande är Jerome H. Powell, som började sin tjänst den 5 februari 2018[7]. Vid sidan om styrelsen har de regionala centralbankerna ett visst inflytande över centralbankens politik liksom Federal Open Market Committee och representanter för större banker som är delägare direkt i The Fed. Bankstyrelsen publicerar regelbundet statistik över den amerikanska ekonomins utveckling och sina egna åtgärder.

Styrelsen

Källa: [8] Uppdaterat: 23 september 2023.

Namn Position
Jerome H. Powell Ordförande
(Centralbankschef)
Philip N. Jefferson Vice ordförande
(Vice centralbankschef)
Michael S. Barr Vice ordförande för tillsyn
(Vice centralbankschef för tillsyn)
Michelle W. Bowman Ledamöter
Lisa D. Cook
Adriana D. Kugler
Christopher J. Waller

Ordförande

De som har lett Federal Reserve Systems sen centralbankssystemet inrättades.[9]

Namn Tidsperiod
Charles S. Hamlin (D) 1914–1916
William P.G. Harding 1916–1922
Daniel R. Crissinger (D) 1923–1927
Roy A. Young (R) 1927–1930
Eugene I. Meyer (R) 1930–1933
Eugene R. Black 1933–1934
Marriner S. Eccles (R) 1934–1948
Thomas B. McCabe 1948–1951
William McChesney Martin (D) 1951–1970
Arthur F. Burns (R) 1970–1978
G. William Miller (D) 1978–1979
Paul A. Volcker (D) 1979–1987
Alan Greenspan (R) 1987–2006
Ben S. Bernanke (R) 2006–2014
Janet L. Yellen (D) 2014–2018
Jerome H. Powell (R) 2018–

Referenser

Den här artikeln är helt eller delvis baserad på material från engelskspråkiga Wikipedia.

Noter

  1. ^ hämtat från: tyskspråkiga Wikipedia.[källa från Wikidata]
  2. ^ ”110th Annual Report of the board of governors of the Federal Reserve System”. Federal Reserve System. https://www.federalreserve.gov/publications/files/2023-annual-report.pdf. Läst 18 september 2024. 
  3. ^ ”FRB: Mission”. Federalreserve.gov. 6 november 2009. http://www.federalreserve.gov/generalinfo/mission/default.htm. Läst 29 oktober 2011. 
  4. ^ ”History of the Marriner S. Eccles Building and William McChesney Martin, Jr. Building”. FederalReserve.gov. https://www.federalreserve.gov/aboutthefed/aroundtheboard/history-buildings.htm. 
  5. ^ ”Marriner S. Eccles Federal Reserve Board Building”. Emporis.com. https://www.emporis.com/buildings/271599/marriner-s-eccles-federal-reserve-board-building-washington-dc-usa. 
  6. ^ BoG (2005), The Federal Reserve System: Purposes and Functions, The Federal Reserve Board, Board of Governors, s. 7, http://www.federalreserve.gov/pf/pf.htm 
  7. ^ ”Jerome H. Powell sworn in as Chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System”. FederalReserve.gov. Arkiverad från originalet den 6 februari 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180206183728/https://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/pressreleases/other20180205a.htm. Läst 25 februari 2018. 
  8. ^ ”Board members”. Federal Reserve System. https://www.federalreserve.gov/aboutthefed/bios/board/default.htm. Läst 23 september 2023. 
  9. ^ ”Federal Reserve chair”. FederalReserveHistory.org. https://www.federalreservehistory.org/people?roles%5B0%5D=Federal%20Reserve%20Chair&sort=date. 

Vidare läsning

  • The Federal Reserve System: Purposes and Functions. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. 2005. http://www.federalreserve.gov/pf/pf.htm. 
  • The Federal Reserve in Plain English. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. 2006. http://www.stlouisfed.org/inplainenglish/default.html.  Arkiverad 15 januari 2013 hämtat från the Wayback Machine. from the St. Louis Fed
  • Changing the Federal Reserve’s Mandate: An Economic Analysis Congressional Research Service
  • Federal Reserve: Unconventional Monetary Policy Options Congressional Research Service
  • Epstein, Lita & Martin, Preston (2003). The Complete Idiot's Guide to the Federal Reserve. Alpha Books. ISBN 0-02-864323-2.
  • Greider, William (1987). Secrets of the Temple. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-67556-7; nontechnical book explaining the structures, functions, and history of the Federal Reserve, focusing specifically on the tenure of Paul Volcker
  • R. W. Hafer. The Federal Reserve System: An Encyclopedia. Greenwood Press, 2005. 451 pp, 280 entries; ISBN 0-313-32839-0.
  • Meltzer, Allan H. A History of the Federal Reserve, Volume 1: 1913–1951 (2004) ISBN 978-0-226-51999-9 (cloth) and ISBN 978-0-226-52000-1 (paper)
  • Meltzer, Allan H. A History of the Federal Reserve, Volume 2: Book 1, 1951–1969 (2009) ISBN 978-0-226-52001-8
  • Meltzer, Allan H. A History of the Federal Reserve, Volume 2: Book 2, 1969–1985 (2009) ISBN 978-0-226-51994-4; In three volumes published so far, Meltzer covers the first 70 years of the Fed in considerable detail
  • Meyer, Laurence H. (2004). A Term at the Fed: An Insider's View. HarperBusiness. ISBN 0-06-054270-5; focuses on the period from 1996 to 2002, emphasizing Alan Greenspan's chairmanship during the 1997 Asian financial crisis, the stock market boom and the financial aftermath of the September 11, 2001 attacks.
  • Woodward, Bob. Maestro: Greenspan's Fed and the American Boom (2000) study of Greenspan in 1990s.
  • J. Lawrence Broz; The International Origins of the Federal Reserve System Cornell University Press. 1997.
  • Vincent P. Carosso, "The Wall Street Trust from Pujo through Medina", Business History Review (1973) 47:421-37
  • Chandler, Lester V. American Monetary Policy, 1928–41. (1971).
  • Epstein, Gerald and Thomas Ferguson. "Monetary Policy, Loan Liquidation and Industrial Conflict: Federal Reserve System Open Market Operations in 1932". Journal of Economic History 44 (December 1984): 957–84. in JSTOR
  • Milton Friedman and Anna Jacobson Schwartz, A Monetary History of the United States, 1867–1960 (1963)
  • G. Edward Griffin, The Creature from Jekyll Island: A Second Look at the Federal Reserve (1994) ISBN 0-912986-21-2
  • Goddard, Thomas H. (1831). History of Banking Institutions of Europe and the United States. Carvill. Sid. 48ff. 
  • Paul J. Kubik, "Federal Reserve Policy during the Great Depression: The Impact of Interwar Attitudes regarding Consumption and Consumer Credit". Journal of Economic Issues. Volume: 30. Issue: 3. Publication Year: 1996. pp. 829+.
  • Link, Arthur. Wilson: The New Freedom (1956) pp. 199–240.
  • Livingston, James. Origins of the Federal Reserve System: Money, Class, and Corporate Capitalism, 1890–1913 (1986), Marxist approach to 1913 policy
  • Marrs, Jim (2000). ”Secrets of Money and the Federal Reserve System”. Rule by Secrecy (HarperCollins): sid. 64–78. 
  • Mayhew, Anne. "Ideology and the Great Depression: Monetary History Rewritten". Journal of Economic Issues 17 (June 1983): 353–60.
  • Mullins, Eustace C. "Secrets of the Federal Reserve", 1952. John McLaughlin. ISBN 0-9656492-1-0
  • Roberts, Priscilla. "'Quis Custodiet Ipsos Custodes?' The Federal Reserve System's Founding Fathers and Allied Finances in the First World War", Business History Review (1998) 72: 585–603
  • Bernard Shull, "The Fourth Branch: The Federal Reserve's Unlikely Rise to Power and Influence" (2005) ISBN 1-56720-624-7
  • Steindl, Frank G. Monetary Interpretations of the Great Depression. (1995).
  • Temin, Peter. Did Monetary Forces Cause the Great Depression? (1976).
  • Timberlake, Richard H. (2008). ”Federal Reserve System”. i David R. Henderson (ed.). Concise Encyclopedia of Economics (2nd). Indianapolis: Library of Economics and Liberty. ISBN 978-0865976658. OCLC 237794267. http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/FederalReserveSystem.html. 
  • Wells, Donald R. The Federal Reserve System: A History (2004)
  • West, Robert Craig. Banking Reform and the Federal Reserve, 1863–1923 (1977)
  • Wicker, Elmus. "A Reconsideration of Federal Reserve Policy during the 1920–1921 Depression", Journal of Economic History (1966) 26: 223–238, in JSTOR
  • Wicker, Elmus. Federal Reserve Monetary Policy, 1917–33. (1966).
  • Wicker, Elmus. The Great Debate on Banking Reform: Nelson Aldrich and the Origins of the Fed Ohio State University Press, 2005.
  • Wood, John H. A History of Central Banking in Great Britain and the United States (2005)
  • Wueschner; Silvano A. Charting Twentieth-Century Monetary Policy: Herbert Hoover and Benjamin Strong, 1917–1927 Greenwood Press. (1999)

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