Spiropentan

Spiropentan
Nazivi
Preferisani IUPAC naziv
Spiro[2.2]pentan
Identifikacija
3D model (Jmol)
ChemSpider
  • C1CC12CC2
Svojstva
C5H8
Molarna masa 68,12 g·mol−1
Tačka topljenja −1.346 °C (−2.391 °F; −1.073 K)
Tačka ključanja 390 °C (734 °F; 663 K)
Ukoliko nije drugačije napomenuto, podaci se odnose na standardno stanje materijala (na 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
Reference infokutije

Spiropentan je ugljovodonik sa formulom C
5
H
8
. To je najjednostavniji spiro-vezani cikloalkan, triangulan.[3][4][5][6] Prošlo je nekoliko godina nakon otkrića 1887. godine dok nije utvrđena struktura ovog molekula.[7][8][9] Prema pravilima nomenklature za spiro jedinjenja, sistematski naziv je spiro[2.2]pentan. Međutim, ne može biti konstitutivnih izomernih spiropentana, te je ime jedinstveno bez zagrada i brojeva.

Sinteza

Nakon što je Gustavson proizveo ciklopropan reakcijom 1,3-dibromopropana sa mlevenim metalom cinka, pokušao je istu reakciju sa 2,2-bis(bromometil)-1,3-dibromopropanom (pogledajte šemu formule). Početni materijal se lako dobija reakcijom pentaeritritola sa bromovodoničnom kiselinom. Molekul sa formulom C
5
H
8
je nastao. U početnoj publikaciji je nazvan viniltrimetilen.[10] Godine 1907, Feht je izrazio pretpostavku da to mora da bude spiropentan, konstitutivni izomer vinilciklopropana.[11] Dodatni dokazi o strukturi ugljovodonika potiču iz činjenice da se on takođe može dobiti iz 1,1-bis(bromometil)-ciklopropana (vidi shemu formule).[12]

Formiranje spiropentana

Spiropentan je teško odvojiti od ostalih proizvoda reakcije i rane procedure su rezultirale nečistim smešama. Decenijama kasnije, način proizvodnje je poboljšan. Spiro ugljovodonik se može odvojiti od nusproizvoda (2-metil-1-butena, 1,1-dimetilciklopropana, metilenciklobutana) destilacijom.[13]

Osobine

Fizička svojstva

Određivanje strukture difrakcijom elektrona pokazalo je dve različite C-C dužine; veze za kvarterni („spiro”) atom ugljenika su kraće (146,9 pm) od onih između metilenskih grupa (CH2–CH2, 151.9 pm). C–C–C uglovi na spiro C atomu su 62,2°, veći nego u ciklopropanu.[14]

Hemijska svojstva

Prilikom zagrevanja molekula spiropentana obeleženih atomima deuterijuma, primećuje se reakcija topomerizacije ili „stereomutacije“, slična onoj kod ciklopropana: cis-1,2-dideuteriospiropentan se uravnotežuje sa trans-1,2-dideuteriospirpentanom.[15]

Topomerizacija spiropentana

Gustavson (1896) je izvestio da zagrevanje spiropentana na 200 °C dovodi do toga da se on promeni u druge ugljovodonike. Termoliza u gasnoj fazi od 360 do 410 °C rezultirala je ekspanzijom prstena do konstitutivnog izomera metilenciklobutana, zajedno sa produktima fragmentacije etena i propadiena.[16] Pretpostavlja se da se duža - i slabija - veza prvo prekida, formirajući diradikalni intermedijer.[15]

Termoliza spiropentana

Reference

  1. ^ Li Q, Cheng T, Wang Y, Bryant SH (2010). „PubChem as a public resource for drug discovery.”. Drug Discov Today. 15 (23-24): 1052—7. PMID 20970519. doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2010.10.003.  уреди
  2. ^ Evan E. Bolton; Yanli Wang; Paul A. Thiessen; Stephen H. Bryant (2008). „Chapter 12 PubChem: Integrated Platform of Small Molecules and Biological Activities”. Annual Reports in Computational Chemistry. 4: 217—241. doi:10.1016/S1574-1400(08)00012-1. 
  3. ^ Donohue, Jerry; Humphrey, George L.; Schomaker, Verner (1945). „The Structure of Spiropentane”. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 67 (2): 332—335. ISSN 0002-7863. doi:10.1021/ja01218a056. 
  4. ^ Murray, M. J.; Stevenson, Eugene H. (1944). „SPIROPENTANE”. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 66 (2): 314. ISSN 0002-7863. doi:10.1021/ja01230a515. 
  5. ^ Murray, M. J.; Stevenson, Eugene H. (1944). „The Debromination of Pentaerythrityl Bromide by Zinc. Isolation of Spiropentane1”. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 66 (5): 812—816. ISSN 0002-7863. doi:10.1021/ja01233a047. 
  6. ^ Price, J.E.; Coulterpark, K.A.; Masiello, T.; Nibler, J.W.; Weber, A.; Maki, A.; Blake, T.A. (2011). „High-resolution infrared spectra of spiropentane, C5H8”. Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy. 269 (1): 129—136. Bibcode:2011JMoSp.269..129P. ISSN 0022-2852. doi:10.1016/j.jms.2011.05.011. 
  7. ^ Philipow, O. (1916). „Die Konstitution der Kohlenwasserstoffe Gustavsons: Vinyltrimethylen und Äthylidentrimethylen”. Journal für Praktische Chemie. 93 (1): 162—182. ISSN 0021-8383. doi:10.1002/prac.19160930112. 
  8. ^ Faworsky, Al.; Batalin, W. (1914). „Über das Vinyltrimethylen und Äthyliden-trimethylen von Gustavson”. Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft. 47 (2): 1648—1651. ISSN 0365-9496. doi:10.1002/cber.19140470250. 
  9. ^ Burns, G. R.; McGavin, D. G. (1972). „Infrared and Raman Spectra of Spiropentane-H8”. Applied Spectroscopy. 26 (5): 540—542. Bibcode:1972ApSpe..26..540B. S2CID 95384874. doi:10.1366/000370272774351778. 
  10. ^ Gustavson, G. (1896). „Ueber Aethylidentrimethylen”. Journal für Praktische Chemie. 54 (1): 104—107. ISSN 0021-8383. doi:10.1002/prac.18960540106. 
  11. ^ Fecht, H. (1907). „Über Spirocyclane”. Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft. 40 (3): 3883—3891. ISSN 0365-9496. doi:10.1002/cber.190704003194. 
  12. ^ Zelinsky, N. (1913). „Über das Spirocyclan, seine Synthese und sein Verhalten bei der Reduktionskatalyse”. Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft. 46 (1): 160—172. ISSN 0365-9496. doi:10.1002/cber.19130460128. 
  13. ^ Applequist, Douglas E.; Fanta, George F.; Henrikson, Bertel W. (1958). „Chemistry of Spiropentane. I. An Improved Synthesis of Spiropentane”. The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 23 (11): 1715—1716. ISSN 0022-3263. doi:10.1021/jo01105a037. 
  14. ^ G. Dallinga, R. K. van der Draai, L. H. Toneman, Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des Pays-Bas 87, 897 (1968).
  15. ^ а б J. J. Gajewski, L. T. Burka, Journal of the American Chemical Society 94, Nr. 25, 8857 (1972).
  16. ^ M. C. Flowers, H. M. Frey, Journal of the Chemical Society, 1961, 5550.

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