Emisija protona

Raspad jezgra A bogatog protonima popunjava pobuđena stanja jezgara ćerke B sa β+ emisijom ili hvatanjem elektrona (EC). Ona pobuđena stanja koja leže ispod energije razdvajanja za protone (Sp) raspadaju se γ emisijom idući prema osnovnom stanju ćerke B. Za viša pobuđena stanja postoji konkurentni kanal raspada emisijom protona do unuke C, nazvan β-odložena emisija protona.

Emisija protona (poznata i kao protonska radioaktivnost) je retka vrsta radioaktivnog raspada u kojoj se proton izbacuje iz jezgra. Emisija protona može se desiti iz visoko ležećih pobuđenih stanja u jezgru nakon beta raspada, u kom slučaju je proces poznat kao beta-odložena emisija protona, ili se može dogoditi iz osnovnog stanja (ili niskog izomera) veoma protonski bogatog jezgra, u kom slučaju je proces veoma sličan alfa raspadu. Da bi proton pobegao iz jezgra, energija razdvajanja protona mora biti negativna (Sp < 0) – proton je stoga nevezan i izlazi iz jezgra za konačno vreme. Brzinom emisije protona upravljaju nuklearni, kulonovski i centrifugalni potencijali jezgra, pri čemu centrifugalni potencijal utiče na veliki deo brzine emisije protona. Na vreme poluraspada jezgra u odnosu na emisiju protona utiču energija protona i njegov orbitalni ugaoni moment.[1] Emisija protona se ne vidi u prirodnim izotopima; emiteri protona se mogu proizvesti nuklearnim reakcijama, obično korišćenjem linearnih akceleratora čestica.

Iako je brza (i.e. ne beta-odložena) emisija protona uočena iz izomera u kobaltu-53 još 1969. godine, druga stanja koja emituju proton nisu pronađena do 1981. godine, kada su protonska radioaktivna osnovna stanja lutecijuma-151 i tulijuma-147 uočena na eksperimentima u GSI u Zapadnoj Nemačkoj.[2] Istraživanja u ovoj oblasti su procvetala nakon ovog otkrića, a do danas je otkriveno da više od 25 izotopa ispoljava emisiju protona. Proučavanje emisije protona pomoglo je razumevanju nuklearne deformacije, masa i strukture, i to je čist primer kvantnog tunelisanja.[3][4][5]

Godine 2002, uočena je istovremena emisija dva protona iz jezgra gvožđa-45 u eksperimentima u GSI i GANIL-u (Veliki nacionalni akcelerator teških jona u Kanu).[6] Godine 2005, eksperimentalno je utvrđeno (u istom postrojenju) da cink-54 takođe može da podleže dvostrukom raspadu protona.[7]

Reference

  1. ^ Poenaru, Dorin N.; Rebel, Heinigerd; Wentz, Jürgen, ур. (2001). Nuclei Far from Stability and Astrophysics (на језику: енглески). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. стр. 79—81. ISBN 978-0-7923-6937-0. doi:10.1007/978-94-010-0708-5. 
  2. ^ S. Hofmann (1996). „Chapter 3: Proton radioactivity”. Ур.: Dorin N. Poseru. Nuclear Decay Modes. Bristol: Institute of Physics Publishing. стр. 143—203. ISBN 0-7503-0338-7. 
  3. ^ Lerner; Trigg (1991). Encyclopedia of Physics (2nd изд.). New York: VCH. стр. 1308. ISBN 978-0-89573-752-6. 
  4. ^ Davies, P C W (2004-05-06). „Quantum mechanics and the equivalence principle”. Classical and Quantum Gravity. 21 (11): 2761—2772. Bibcode:2004CQGra..21.2761D. ISSN 0264-9381. arXiv:quant-ph/0403027 Слободан приступ. doi:10.1088/0264-9381/21/11/017. „But quantum particles are able to tunnel into the classically forbidden region ...” 
  5. ^ Fowler, Michael. „Particle in a Finite Box and Tunneling”. LibreTexts Chemistry. Приступљено 4. 9. 2023. „Tunneling into the barrier (wall) is possible.” 
  6. ^ Armand, Dominique (6. 6. 2002). „A new mode of radioactive decay”. CNRS. Архивирано из оригинала 4. 2. 2005. г. Приступљено 2022-01-07. 
  7. ^ Blank, Bertram; Ploszajczak, Marek (17. 12. 2013). „Two-proton radioactivity”. Reports on Progress in Physics. 71 (4): 046301. S2CID 119276805. arXiv:0709.3797 Слободан приступ. doi:10.1088/0034-4885/71/4/046301. 

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