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Električna raža; Vremenski raspon: eocen - sadašnjost PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Torpedo marmorata
	Narcine bancroftii
Naučna klasifikacija
Domen:	Eukaryota
Carstvo:	Animalia
Tip:	Chordata
Klasa:	Chondrichthyes
Potklasa:	Elasmobranchii
Red:	Torpediniformes; F. de Buen, 1926
Porodice
	Narcinidae; Torpedinidae; Narkidae; Hypnidae;

Električne raže (Torpediniformes) su red raža,^[2] pljostnatih rušljoriba^[3] sa izduženim prsnim perajama. Poznate su po tome što imaju sposobnost proizvođenja električnog pražnjenja u rasponu od 8 do 220 volti, zavisno od vrste, koja koriste za omamljivanje plena i za odbranu.^[4] Postoji 69 vrsta u četiri porodice.

Verovatno su najpoznatiji članovi iz roda Torpedo, koji se nazivaju riba grča i riba utrnuća. Torpedo je dobio ime po ovom rodu. Naziv potiče od latinske reči torpere, sa značenjem biti ukrućen ili paralisan, što se odnosi se na efekte koje raža ima na onog ko njome rukuje.

Opis

Električne raže imaju zaobljeni grudni disk sa dva umereno velika zaobljeno-ugaona (nisu šiljasta ili kukasta) leđna peraja (koja su redukovana kod nekih pripadnika porodice Narcinidae)^[5]^[6]^[6]^[7] i snažan mišićav rep sa dobro razvijenom kaudalnim perajom. Telo im je debelo i mlintavo, sa mekom labavom kožom, bez krljušti i bodlji. Par električnih organa u obliku bubrega nalazi se u osnovi prsnih peraja. Nos je širok i velik kod Narcinidae, dok je kod drugih familija manji. Ispod diska su usta, nozdrve i pet pari škržnih proreza.^[4]^[7]

Električne raže se nalaze od plitkih priobalnih voda do dubine od 1.000 m (3.300 ft). Oni su trome i usporene, pokreću se repovima, a ne koristeći svoja prsna peraja kao što to čine druge raže. Hrane se beskičmenjacima i malim ribama. One leže i čekaju plen ispod peska ili druge podloge, i koriste svoj elektricitet da bi ga omamile i uhvatile.^[8]

Odnos sa ljudima

Elektrogena svojstva električnih raža poznata su još od antike. Stari Grci su koristili električne raže da bi ublažili bol pri porođaju i operacija.^[4] U svom dijalogu Meno, Platonov lik Meno optužuje Sokrata za „omamljivanje” ljudi svojim zagonetnim pitanjima, na način sličan maniru na koji torpedna riba omamljuje elektricitetom.^[9] Skribonij Larg, rimski lekar, zabeležio je upotrebu torpedne ribe^[10] za lečenje glavobolje i gihta u svom radu Compositiones Medicae iz 46. godine.^[11] Torpedna riba, ili električna raža, neprekidno se pojavljuje u predmodernim prirodnim istorijama kao magično stvorenje, a njena sposobnost da utrne ribare bez dodira bila je značajan izvor dokaza za verovanje u okultne kvalitete u prirodi tokom vekova pre otkrića elektriciteta kao objašnjenja.^[12]

Sistematika

Postoji oko 60 vrsta električnih raža koje su grupisane u 12 rodova i dve familije.^[13] Podfamilija Narkinae se ponekad smatra familijom, Narkidae. Torpedinidi se hrane velikim plenom, koji oni omamljuju koristeći svoje električne organe i progutaju ga celog, dok se narcinidi specijalizuju za mali plen na ili u supstratu dna. Obe grupe koriste električnu energiju za obranu, mada nije jasno je da li narcidi koriste elektricitet za hranjenje.^[14]

Familija Narcinidae
- Podfamilija Narcininae
  - Rod Benthobatis
  - Rod Diplobatis
  - Rod Discopyge
  - Rod Narcine
- Podfamilija Narkinae
  - Rod Crassinarke
  - Rod Electrolux
  - Rod Heteronarce
  - Rod Narke
  - Rod Temera
  - Rod Typhlonarke
Familija Hypnidae
- Podfamilija Hypninae
  - Rod Hypnos
Familija Torpedinidae^[15]
- Podfamilija Torpedininae
  - Rod Tetronarce
  - Rod Torpedo

Vrste

Benthobatis kreffti Rincon, Stehmann and Vooren, 2001
Benthobatis marcida Bean and Weed, 1909
Benthobatis moresbyi Alcock, 1898
Crassinarke dormitor Takagi, 1951
Diplobatis colombiensis Fechhelm and McEachran, 1984
Diplobatis guamachensis Martín Salazar, 1957
Diplobatis ommata (Jordan and Gilbert in Jordan and Bollman, 1890)
Diplobatis pictus Palmer, 1950
Discopyge tschudii Heckel in Tschudi, 1846
Heteronarce garmani Regan, 1921
Heteronarce mollis (Lloyd, 1907)
Hypnos monopterygium (Shaw in Shaw and Nodder, 1795)
Narcine bancroftii (Griffith and Smith, 1834)
Narcine bentuviai Baranes and Randall, 1989
Narcine brasiliensis (Olfers, 1831)
Narcine brunnea Annandale, 1909
Narcine insolita Carvalho, Séret and Compagno, 2002
Narcine lasti Carvalho and Séret, 2002
Narcine leoparda Carvalho, 2001
Narcine maculata Duméril, 1852
Narcine oculifera Carvalho, Compagno and Mee, 2002
Narcine prodorsalis Bessednov, 1966
Narcine rierai (Lloris and Rucabado, 1991)
Narcine schmitti Hildebrand, 1948
Narcine timlei (Bloch and Schneider, 1801)
Narcine vermiculatus Breder, 1928
Narcine westraliensis McKay, 1966
Narke capensis (Gmelin, 1789)
Narke dipterygia (Bloch and Schneider, 1801)
Narke japonica (Bloch and Schneider, 1801)
Temera hardwickii Gray, 1831
Torpedo adenensis Carvalho, Stehmann and Manilo, 2002
Torpedo andersoni Bullis, 1962
Torpedo bauchotae Cadenat, Capape and Desoutter, 1978
Torpedo californica Ayres, 1855
Torpedo fuscomaculata Peters, 1855
Torpedo mackayana Metzelaar, 1919
Torpedo macneilli (Whitley, 1932)
Torpedo marmorata Risso, 1810
Torpedo nobiliana Bonaparte, 1835
Torpedo panthera Olfers, 1831
Torpedo peruana Chirichigno F., 1963
Torpedo sinuspersici Olfers, 1831
Torpedo tokionis (Tanaka, 1908)
Torpedo torpedo (Linnaeus, 1758)
Torpedo tremens de Buen, 1959
Typhlonarke aysoni (Hamilton, 1902)

Vidi još

Reference

^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel; ур. (2011). „Torpediniformes” на Фиш бејсу. [верзија на датум: фебруар 2011]
^ Aschliman, Neil C.; Nishida, Mutsumi; Miya, Masaki; Inoue, Jun G.; Rosana, Kerri M.; Naylor, Gavin J.P. (2012). „Body plan convergence in the evolution of skates and rays (Chondrichthyes: Batoidea)”. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 63 (1): 28—42. PMID 22209858. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.12.012.
^ Adams, Kye R.; Fetterplace, Lachlan C.; Davis, Andrew R.; Taylor, Matthew D.; Knott, Nathan A. (јануар 2018). „Sharks, rays and abortion: The prevalence of capture-induced parturition in elasmobranchs”. Biological Conservation. 217: 11—27. S2CID 90834034. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2017.10.010. Архивирано из оригинала 23. 2. 2019. г. Приступљено 18. 1. 2019.
^ ^а ^б ^в Martin, R. Aidan. Electric Rays. ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research. Retrieved on October 12, 2008.
^ „Narcinidae”. Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Приступљено 20. 3. 2006.
^ ^а ^б Compagno, L.J.V. and Last, P.R. (1999). Narcinidae. Numbfishes. p. 1433-1437. In: K.E. Carpenter and V.H. Niem (eds.) FAO identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization.
^ ^а ^б Hamlett, William C. (1999). Sharks, Skates, and Rays: The Biology of Elasmobranch Fishes. Baltimore and London: JHU Press. ISBN 0-8018-6048-2.
^ Stevens, J.; Last, P.K. (1998). Paxton, J.R.; Eschmeyer, W.N., ур. Encyclopedia of Fishes. San Diego: Academic Press. стр. 66. ISBN 0-12-547665-5.
^ Wikisource:Meno
^ Abdel-Aziz, S.H. (1994). „Observations on the biology of the common torpedo (Torpedo torpedo), Linnaeus, 1758) and marbled electric ray (Torpedo marmorata), Risso, 1810) from Egyptian Mediterranean waters”. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research. 45 (4): 693—704. doi:10.1071/MF9940693.
^ Theodore Holmes Bullock; Carl D. Hopkins; Richard R. Fay (28. 9. 2006). Electroreception. Springer Science & Business Media. стр. 6. ISBN 978-0-387-28275-6.
^ Copenhaver, Brian P. (septembar 1991). „A tale of two fishes: Magical objects in natural history from antiquity through the scientific revolution”. Journal of the History of Ideas. 52 (3): 373—398. doi:10.2307/2710043.
^ Nelson, J.S. (2006). Fishes of the World (fourth изд.). John Wiley. стр. 69–82. ISBN 0-471-25031-7.
^ Compagno, Leonard J.V. and Heemstra, Phillip C. (May 2007) "Electrolux addisoni, a new genus and species of electric ray from the east coast of South Africa (Rajiformes: Torpedinoidei: Narkidae), with a review of torpedinoid taxonomy". Smithiana, Publications in Aquatic Biodiversity, Bulletin 7: 15-49. Retrieved on October 22, 2008.
^ Carvalho, M.R. de. (2015): Torpedinidae. In : Heemstra, P.C., Heemstra, E. & Ebert, D.A. (Eds.), Coastal Fishes of the Western Indian Ocean. Vol. 1. South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Grahamstown, South Africa. In press.

Literatura

Martin, R. Aidan (фебруар 2010). „Batoids: Sawfishes, Guitarfishes, Electric Rays, Skates, and Sting Rays”. Elasmo research. ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research.
Motta, P.J.; Wilga, C.D. (2001). „Advances in the study of feeding behaviors, mechanisms, and mechanics of sharks”. Environmental Biology of Fishes. 60 (1–3): 131—56. S2CID 28305317. doi:10.1023/A:1007649900712.
Wilga, C.A.D. (2008). „Evolutionary divergence in the feeding mechanism of fishes”. Acta Geologica Polonica. 58: 113—20.
„Reproduction overall”. Risk Section, Bedford Institute of Oceanography & Marine Fish Species. Canadian Shark Research Lab. Skates and rays of Atlantic Canada. Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Center. Архивирано из оригинала 2015-01-16. г. Приступљено 27. 5. 2012.
Adams, Kye R.; Fetterplace, Lachlan C.; Davis, Andrew R.; Taylor, Matthew D.; Knott, Nathan A. (јануар 2018). „Sharks, rays and abortion: The prevalence of capture-induced parturition in elasmobranchs”. Biological Conservation. 217: 11—27. S2CID 90834034. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2017.10.010. Архивирано из оригинала 2019-02-23. г. Приступљено 2018-12-09.
Benton, M. J. (2005). Vertebrate Palaeontology (3rd изд.). Blackwell. Fig 7.13 on page 185. ISBN 978-0-632-05637-8.
Stumpf, Sebastian; Kriwet, Jürgen (2019). „A new Pliensbachian elasmobranch (Vertebrata, Chondrichthyes) assemblage from Europe, and its contribution to the understanding of late Early Jurassic elasmobranch diversity and distributional patterns”. PalZ. 93 (4): 637—658. doi:10.1007/s12542-019-00451-4 .
„Chondrichthyes: Fossil Record”. University of California Museum of Paleontology. U.C. Berkeley.
Douady, C.J.; Dosay, M.; Shivji, M.S.; Stanhope, M.J. (2003). „Molecular phylogenetic evidence refuting the hypothesis of Batoidea (rays and skates) as derived sharks”. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 26 (2): 215—221. PMID 12565032. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00333-0.
Kriwet, Jürgen. „The systematic position of the Cretaceous sclerorhynchid sawfishes (Elasmobranchii, Pristiorajea)” (PDF). Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 16. 04. 2016. г. Приступљено 22. 05. 2023.
McEachran, J.D.; Aschliman, N. (2004). „Phylogeny of batoidea”. Ур.: Carrier, J.C.; Musick, J.A.; Heithaus, M.R. Biology of sharks and their relatives. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. стр. 79—114.
Bigelow, H.B.; Schroeder, W.C. (1953). Fishes of the Western North Atlantic, Part 2. Sears Foundation for Marine Research, Yale University. стр. 80—96.
Brahim, B.R.; Seck, A.A.; Capapé, C. (1998). „Albinism in a common torpedo, Torpedo (Torpedo) torpedo”. Cybium. 22 (1): 83—86.
Bullock, T.H., ур. (2005). Electroreception. Birkhäuser. стр. 6. ISBN 978-0-387-23192-1.
Capapé, C.; Guélorget, O.; Vergne, Y.; Quignard, J. (2006). „An unusual nine-ocellated common torpedo, Torpedo torpedo (Linnaeus, 1758) (Chondrichthyes: Torpedinidae), from southern France”. Acta Adriatica. 47 (1): 73—78.
Capapé, C.; Seck, A.A.; Diatta, Y. (2000). „Reproductive biology of the common torpedo, Torpedo torpedo (Linnaeus, 1758) (Pisces, Torpedinidae) from the coast of Senegal (Eastern Tropical Atlantic)”. Miscellania Zoologica. 23 (1): 9—21.

Spoljašnje veze

[FB-1] Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel; ур. (2011). „Torpediniformes” на Фиш бејсу. [верзија на датум: фебруар 2011]

[2] Aschliman, Neil C.; Nishida, Mutsumi; Miya, Masaki; Inoue, Jun G.; Rosana, Kerri M.; Naylor, Gavin J.P. (2012). „Body plan convergence in the evolution of skates and rays (Chondrichthyes: Batoidea)”. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 63 (1): 28—42. PMID 22209858. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.12.012.

[Adams-3] Adams, Kye R.; Fetterplace, Lachlan C.; Davis, Andrew R.; Taylor, Matthew D.; Knott, Nathan A. (јануар 2018). „Sharks, rays and abortion: The prevalence of capture-induced parturition in elasmobranchs”. Biological Conservation. 217: 11—27. S2CID 90834034. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2017.10.010. Архивирано из оригинала 23. 2. 2019. г. Приступљено 18. 1. 2019.

[martin-4] а ^б ^в Martin, R. Aidan. Electric Rays. ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research. Retrieved on October 12, 2008.

[5] „Narcinidae”. Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Приступљено 20. 3. 2006.

[compagno_and_last-6] а ^б Compagno, L.J.V. and Last, P.R. (1999). Narcinidae. Numbfishes. p. 1433-1437. In: K.E. Carpenter and V.H. Niem (eds.) FAO identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization.

[hamlett-7] а ^б Hamlett, William C. (1999). Sharks, Skates, and Rays: The Biology of Elasmobranch Fishes. Baltimore and London: JHU Press. ISBN 0-8018-6048-2.

[EoF-8] Stevens, J.; Last, P.K. (1998). Paxton, J.R.; Eschmeyer, W.N., ур. Encyclopedia of Fishes. San Diego: Academic Press. стр. 66. ISBN 0-12-547665-5.

[9] Wikisource:Meno

[abdel-aziz-10] Abdel-Aziz, S.H. (1994). „Observations on the biology of the common torpedo (Torpedo torpedo), Linnaeus, 1758) and marbled electric ray (Torpedo marmorata), Risso, 1810) from Egyptian Mediterranean waters”. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research. 45 (4): 693—704. doi:10.1071/MF9940693.

[BullockHopkins2006-11] Theodore Holmes Bullock; Carl D. Hopkins; Richard R. Fay (28. 9. 2006). Electroreception. Springer Science & Business Media. стр. 6. ISBN 978-0-387-28275-6.

[Copenhaven1991-12] Copenhaver, Brian P. (septembar 1991). „A tale of two fishes: Magical objects in natural history from antiquity through the scientific revolution”. Journal of the History of Ideas. 52 (3): 373—398. doi:10.2307/2710043.

[nelson-13] Nelson, J.S. (2006). Fishes of the World (fourth изд.). John Wiley. стр. 69–82. ISBN 0-471-25031-7.

[compagno_and_heemstra-14] Compagno, Leonard J.V. and Heemstra, Phillip C. (May 2007) "Electrolux addisoni, a new genus and species of electric ray from the east coast of South Africa (Rajiformes: Torpedinoidei: Narkidae), with a review of torpedinoid taxonomy". Smithiana, Publications in Aquatic Biodiversity, Bulletin 7: 15-49. Retrieved on October 22, 2008.

[Carvalho2015-15] Carvalho, M.R. de. (2015): Torpedinidae. In : Heemstra, P.C., Heemstra, E. & Ebert, D.A. (Eds.), Coastal Fishes of the Western Indian Ocean. Vol. 1. South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Grahamstown, South Africa. In press.

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