Drozdovi
Drozdovi (lat . Turdidae) su porodica ptica koja pripada redu vrapčarki (Passeriformes).[ 1] [ 2] Antarktiku . U Evropi živi 14 vrsta. Nastanjuju šumovita područja. Najčešće su sive ili smeđe boje, a krila su srednje veličine i obojena su jarkim bojama. Rep ima dvanaest pera. Veliki su 14,5 – 33 cm, a teški 21-178 g. Većina vrsta jako lepo peva. U Srbiji se pojavljuju ko retki gosti,koji dolaze iz udaljenih krajeva, ponekad iz najistočnijih delova Sibira .[ 3]
Drozdovi su monogamni, ali se pare i sa drugim jednikama ako se ukaže prilika. Gnezdo najčešće prave od sitnih grančica. Staništa gnezda najčešće su drveća, grmovi i špilje. U gnezdu se nalazi 2-5 jaja . Mladi se izlegu slepi, bez perja i ne mogu da lete[ 4] [ 5] [ 6]
Prehrambene navike i rasprostranjivanje semena
Drozdovi jedu raznoliku i lako dostupnu hranu. Većinom jedu gliste , larve , tvrdokrilce i druge insekte . Neki drozdovi jedu velike količine voća i raznih semena. Potom probave neoštećene semenke , pomoću čega se rasprostranjuju neke biljke . Ove ptice rasprostranjuju seme imele na drugi način. Seme im se zalepi za perje, pa dođu na neko drvo da ga očiste. Seme pada na granu i nakon nekog vremena naraste nova imela.
Kritično ugroženi
7 vrsta
Ugroženi
5 vrsta
Osetljivi
18 vrsta
Najmanja zabrinutost
22 vrste
Nedovoljno podataka
3 vrste
Izumrli
3 vrste
Većina od oko 300 vrsta drozdova koje pripadaju 54 roda su sigurne i zaštićene.
Taksonomija
Rodovi
Cassinia Hartlaub, 1860 Cataponera Hartert, 1896 Catharus Bonaparte, 1850 Chlamydochaera Sharpe, 1887 Cichlopsis Cabanis, 1850 Cochoa Hodgson, 1836 Entomodestes Stejneger, 1883 Geokichla Müller, 1835 Geomalia Stresemann, 1931 Grandala Hodgson, 1843 Hylocichla Baird, 1864 Ixoreus Bonaparte, 1854 Myadestes Swainson, 1838 Neocossyphus Fischer & Reichenow, 1884 Phaeornis Sclater, 1859 Psophocichla Cabanis, 1860 Ridgwayia Stejneger, 1883 Sialia Swainson, 1827 Stizorhina Oberholser, 1899 Turdus Linnaeus, 1758 Zoothera Vigors, 1832
Vrste
Alethe castanea (Cassin, 1856) Alethe diademata (Bonaparte, 1850) Cataponera turdoides Hartert, 1896 Catharus aurantiirostris (Hartlaub, 1850) Catharus bicknelli (Ridgway, 1882) Catharus dryas (Gould, 1855) Catharus frantzii Cabanis, 1861 Catharus fuscater (Lafresnaye, 1845) Catharus fuscescens (Stephens, 1817) Catharus gracilirostris Salvin, 1865 Catharus guttatus (Pallas, 1811) Catharus mexicanus (Bonaparte, 1856) Catharus minimus (Lafresnaye, 1848) Catharus occidentalis P. L. Sclater, 1859 Catharus ustulatus (Nuttall, 1840) Chlamydochaera jefferyi Sharpe, 1887 Cichlopsis leucogenys Cabanis, 1850 Cochoa azurea (Temminck, 1824) Cochoa beccarii Salvadori, 1879 Cochoa purpurea Hodgson, 1836 Cochoa viridis Hodgson, 1836 Entomodestes coracinus (Berlepsch, 1897) Entomodestes leucotis (Tschudi, 1844) Geokichla camaronensis (Sharpe, 1905) Geokichla cinerea (Bourns & Worcester, 1894) Geokichla citrina (Latham, 1790) Geokichla crossleyi (Sharpe, 1871) Geokichla dohertyi (Hartert, 1896) Geokichla dumasi (Rothschild, 1899) Geokichla erythronota (P. L. Sclater, 1859) Geokichla gurneyi (Hartlaub, 1864) Geokichla guttata (Vigors, 1831) Geokichla interpres (Temminck, 1828) Geokichla joiceyi (Rothschild & Hartert, 1921) Geokichla leucolaema (Salvadori, 1892) Geokichla mendeni (Neumann, 1939) Geokichla oberlaenderi (Sassi, 1914) Geokichla peronii (Vieillot, 1818) Geokichla piaggiae (Bouvier, 1877) Geokichla princei (Sharpe, 1874) Geokichla schistacea (A. B. Meyer, 1884) Geokichla sibirica (Pallas, 1776) Geokichla spiloptera (Blyth, 1847) Geokichla wardii (Blyth, 1843) Geomalia heinrichi Stresemann, 1931 Hylocichla mustelina (Gmelin, 1789) Ixoreus naevius (Gmelin, 1789) Myadestes coloratus Nelson, 1912 Myadestes elisabeth (Lembeye, 1850) Myadestes genibarbis Swainson, 1838 Myadestes lanaiensis (S. B. Wilson, 1891) Myadestes melanops Salvin, 1865 Myadestes myadestinus (Stejneger, 1887) Myadestes obscurus (Gmelin, 1789) Myadestes occidentalis Stejneger, 1882 Myadestes palmeri (Rothschild, 1893) Myadestes ralloides (Orbigny, 1840) Myadestes townsendi (Audubon, 1838) Myadestes unicolor P. L. Sclater, 1857 Neocossyphus poensis (Strickland, 1844) Neocossyphus rufus (Fischer & Reichenow, 1884) Nesocichla eremita Gould, 1855 Pseudalethe choloensis (W. L. Sclater, 1927) Pseudalethe fuelleborni (Reichenow, 1900) Pseudalethe poliocephala (Bonaparte, 1850) Pseudalethe poliophrys (Sharpe, 1902) Psophocichla litsitsirupa (A. Smith, 1836) Ridgwayia pinicola (P. L. Sclater, 1859) Sialia currucoides (Bechstein, 1798) Sialia mexicana Swainson, 1832 Sialia sialis (Linnaeus, 1758) Stizorhina finschi (Sharpe, 1870) Stizorhina fraseri (Strickland, 1844) Turdus abyssinicus Gmelin, 1789 Turdus albicollis Vieillot, 1818 Turdus albocinctus Royle, 1840 Turdus amaurochalinus Cabanis, 1850 Turdus assimilis Cabanis, 1850 Turdus atrogularis Jarocki, 1819 Turdus aurantius Gmelin, 1789 Turdus bewsheri E. Newton, 1877 Turdus boulboul (Latham, 1790) Turdus cardis Temminck, 1831 Turdus celaenops Stejneger, 1887 Turdus chiguanco Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837 Turdus chrysolaus Temminck, 1832 Turdus daguae Berlepsch, 1897 Turdus dissimilis Blyth, 1847 Turdus eunomus Temminck, 1831 Turdus falcklandii Quoy & Gaimard, 1824 Turdus feae (Salvadori, 1887) Turdus flavipes Vieillot, 1818 Turdus fulviventris P. L. Sclater, 1858 Turdus fumigatus Lichtenstein, 1823 Turdus fuscater Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837 Turdus grayi Bonaparte, 1838 Turdus haplochrous Todd, 1931 Turdus hauxwelli Lawrence, 1869 Turdus helleri (Mearns, 1913) Turdus hortulorum P. L. Sclater, 1863 Turdus ignobilis P. L. Sclater, 1858 Turdus iliacus Linnaeus, 1758 Turdus infuscatus (Lafresnaye, 1844) Turdus jamaicensis Gmelin, 1789 Turdus kessleri (Prjevalsky, 1876) Turdus lawrencii Coues, 1880 Turdus leucomelas Vieillot, 1818 Turdus leucops Taczanowski, 1877 Turdus lherminieri Lafresnaye, 1844 Turdus libonyana (A. Smith, 1836) Turdus ludoviciae (Lort Phillips, 1895) Turdus maculirostris Berlepsch & Taczanowski, 1884 Turdus maranonicus Taczanowski, 1880 Turdus maximus (Seebohm, 1881) Turdus menachensis Ogilvie-Grant, 1913 Turdus merula Linnaeus, 1758 Turdus migratorius Linnaeus, 1766 Turdus mupinensis Laubmann, 1920 Turdus naumanni Temminck, 1820 Turdus nigrescens Cabanis, 1861 Turdus nigriceps Cabanis, 1874 Turdus nudigenis Lafresnaye, 1848 Turdus obscurus Gmelin, 1789 Turdus obsoletus Lawrence, 1862 Turdus olivaceofuscus Hartlaub, 1852 Turdus olivaceus Linnaeus, 1766 Turdus olivater (Lafresnaye, 1848) Turdus pallidus Gmelin, 1789 Turdus pelios Bonaparte, 1850 Turdus philomelos C. L. Brehm, 1831 Turdus pilaris Linnaeus, 1758 Turdus plebejus Cabanis, 1861 Turdus plumbeus Linnaeus, 1758 Turdus poliocephalus Latham, 1802 Turdus ravidus (Cory, 1886) Turdus reevei Lawrence, 1869 Turdus roehli Reichenow, 1905 Turdus rubrocanus J. E. Gray & G. R. Gray, 1847 Turdus ruficollis Pallas, 1776 Turdus rufitorques Hartlaub, 1844 Turdus rufiventris Vieillot, 1818 Turdus rufopalliatus Lafresnaye, 1840 Turdus sanchezorum O'Neill, Lane & Naka, 2011 Turdus serranus Tschudi, 1844 Turdus simillimus Jerdon, 1839 Turdus smithi Bonaparte, 1850 Turdus subalaris (Seebohm, 1887) Turdus swalesi (Wetmore, 1927) Turdus tephronotus Cabanis, 1878 Turdus torquatus Linnaeus, 1758 Turdus unicolor Tickell, 1833 Turdus viscivorus Linnaeus, 1758 Turdus xanthorhynchus Salvadori, 1901 Zoothera andromedae (Temminck, 1826) Zoothera aurea (Holandre, 1825) Zoothera dauma (Latham, 1790) Zoothera dixoni (Seebohm, 1881) Zoothera everetti (Sharpe, 1892) Zoothera heinei (Cabanis, 1850) Zoothera imbricata E. L. Layard, 1854 Zoothera lunulata (Latham, 1802) Zoothera machiki (H. O. Forbes, 1884) Zoothera major (Ogawa, 1905) Zoothera margaretae (Mayr, 1935) Zoothera marginata Blyth, 1847 Zoothera mollissima (Blyth, 1842) Zoothera monticola Vigors, 1832 Zoothera neilgherriensis (Blyth, 1847) Zoothera talaseae (Rothschild & Hartert, 1926) Zoothera terrestris (Kittlitz, 1830) Zoothera turipavae A. J. Cain & I. C. J. Galbraith, 1955
Podvrste
Alethe castanea castanea (Cassin, 1856) Alethe castanea woosnami Ogilvie-Grant, 1906 Cataponera turdoides abditiva Riley, 1918 Cataponera turdoides heinrichi Stresemann, 1938 Cataponera turdoides tenebrosa Stresemann, 1938 Cataponera turdoides turdoides Hartert, 1896 Catharus aurantiirostris aenopennis R. T. Moore, 1937 Catharus aurantiirostris aurantiirostris (Hartlaub, 1850) Catharus aurantiirostris bangsi Dickey & Van Rossem, 1925 Catharus aurantiirostris barbaritoi Aveledo & Gines, 1952 Catharus aurantiirostris birchalli Seebohm, 1881 Catharus aurantiirostris clarus Jouy, 1894 Catharus aurantiirostris costaricensis Hellmayr, 1902 Catharus aurantiirostris griseiceps Salvin, 1866 Catharus aurantiirostris inornatus Zimmer, 1944 Catharus aurantiirostris insignis Zimmer, 1944 Catharus aurantiirostris melpomene (Cabanis, 1850) Catharus aurantiirostris phaeopleurus P. L. Sclater & Salvin, 1876 Catharus aurantiirostris russatus Griscom, 1924 Catharus aurantiirostris sierrae Hellmayr, 1919 Catharus dryas blakei Olrog, 1973 Catharus dryas dryas (Gould, 1855) Catharus dryas ecuadoreanus Carriker, 1935 Catharus dryas harrisoni A. R. Phillips & Rook, 1965 Catharus dryas maculatus (P. L. Sclater, 1858) Catharus dryas ovandensis Brodkorb, 1938 Catharus frantzii alticola Salvin & Godman, 1879 Catharus frantzii chiapensis A. R. Phillips, 1969 Catharus frantzii frantzii Cabanis, 1861 Catharus frantzii juancitonis Stone, 1931 Catharus frantzii nelsoni A. R. Phillips, 1969 Catharus frantzii omiltemensis Ridgway, 1905 Catharus frantzii waldroni A. R. Phillips, 1969 Catharus frantzii wetmorei A. R. Phillips, 1969 Catharus fuscater caniceps Chapman, 1924 Catharus fuscater fuscater (Lafresnaye, 1845) Catharus fuscater hellmayri Berlepsch, 1902 Catharus fuscater mentalis P. L. Sclater & Salvin, 1876 Catharus fuscater mirabilis Nelson, 1912 Catharus fuscater opertaneus Wetmore, 1955 Catharus fuscater sanctaemartae Ridgway, 1904 Catharus fuscescens fuliginosus (Howe, 1900) Catharus fuscescens fuscescens (Stephens, 1817) Catharus fuscescens salicicola (Ridgway, 1882) Catharus fuscescens subpallidus (Burleigh & Duvall, 1959) Catharus gracilirostris accentor Bangs, 1902 Catharus gracilirostris gracilirostris Salvin, 1865 Catharus guttatus auduboni (S. F. Baird, 1864) Catharus guttatus faxoni (Bangs & T. E. Penard, 1921) Catharus guttatus guttatus (Pallas, 1811) Catharus guttatus jewetti A. R. Phillips, 1962 Catharus guttatus munroi A. R. Phillips, 1962 Catharus guttatus nanus (Audubon, 1839) Catharus guttatus polionotus (Grinnell, 1918) Catharus guttatus sequoiensis (Belding, 1889) Catharus guttatus slevini (Grinnell, 1901) Catharus mexicanus cantator Griscom, 1930 Catharus mexicanus carrikeri A. R. Phillips, 1991 Catharus mexicanus mexicanus (Bonaparte, 1856) Catharus mexicanus yaegeri A. R. Phillips, 1991 Catharus minimus aliciae (S. F. Baird, 1858) Catharus minimus minimus (Lafresnaye, 1848) Catharus occidentalis fulvescens Nelson, 1897 Catharus occidentalis lambi A. R. Phillips, 1969 Catharus occidentalis occidentalis P. L. Sclater, 1859 Catharus occidentalis olivascens Nelson, 1899 Catharus ustulatus appalachiensis Ramos, 1991 Catharus ustulatus incanus (Godfrey, 1952) Catharus ustulatus oedicus (Oberholser, 1899) Catharus ustulatus phillipsi Ramos, 1991 Catharus ustulatus swainsoni (Tschudi, 1845) Catharus ustulatus ustulatus (Nuttall, 1840) Cichlopsis leucogenys chubbi Chapman, 1924 Cichlopsis leucogenys gularis Salvin & Godman, 1882 Cichlopsis leucogenys leucogenys Cabanis, 1850 Cichlopsis leucogenys peruviana Hellmayr, 1930 Geokichla camaronensis camaronensis (Sharpe, 1905) Geokichla camaronensis graueri (Sassi, 1914) Geokichla camaronensis kibalensis (Prigogine, 1978) Geokichla citrina albogularis (Blyth, 1847) Geokichla citrina andamanensis (Walden, 1874) Geokichla citrina aurata (Sharpe, 1888) Geokichla citrina aurimacula (Hartert, 1910) Geokichla citrina citrina (Latham, 1790) Geokichla citrina courtoisi (Hartert, 1919) Geokichla citrina cyanota (Jardine & Selby, 1828) Geokichla citrina gibsonhilli Deignan, 1950 Geokichla citrina innotata (Blyth, 1846) Geokichla citrina melli (Stresemann, 1923) Geokichla citrina rubecula (Gould, 1836) Geokichla crossleyi crossleyi (Sharpe, 1871) Geokichla crossleyi pilettei (Schouteden, 1918) Geokichla erythronota erythronota (P. L. Sclater, 1859) Geokichla erythronota kabaena (Robinson-Dean, Willmott, Catterall, Kelly, Whittington, Phalan, Marples & Boeadi, 2002) Geokichla gurneyi chuka (Someren, 1931) Geokichla gurneyi disruptans (Clancey, 1955) Geokichla gurneyi gurneyi (Hartlaub, 1864) Geokichla gurneyi otomitra (Reichenow, 1904) Geokichla gurneyi raineyi (Mearns, 1913) Geokichla guttata belcheri (Benson, 1950) Geokichla guttata fischeri (Hellmayr, 1901) Geokichla guttata guttata (Vigors, 1831) Geokichla guttata lippensi (Prigogine & Louette, 1984) Geokichla guttata maxis (G. Nikolaus, 1982) Geokichla peronii audacis (Hartert, 1899) Geokichla peronii peronii (Vieillot, 1818) Geokichla piaggiae hadii Macdonald, 1940 Geokichla piaggiae kilimensis (Neumann, 1900) Geokichla piaggiae piaggiae (Bouvier, 1877) Geokichla piaggiae rowei Grant & Mackworth-Praed, 1937 Geokichla piaggiae ruwenzorii Prigogine, 1984 Geokichla piaggiae tanganjicae (Sassi, 1914) Geokichla princei batesi (Sharpe, 1905) Geokichla princei princei (Sharpe, 1874) Geokichla sibirica davisoni (Hume, 1877) Geokichla sibirica sibirica (Pallas, 1776) Ixoreus naevius carlottae (A. R. Phillips, 1991) Ixoreus naevius godfreii (A. R. Phillips, 1991) Ixoreus naevius meruloides (Swainson, 1832) Ixoreus naevius naevius (Gmelin, 1789) Myadestes elisabeth elisabeth (Lembeye, 1850) Myadestes elisabeth retrusus Bangs & Zappey, 1905 Myadestes genibarbis dominicanus Stejneger, 1882 Myadestes genibarbis genibarbis Swainson, 1838 Myadestes genibarbis montanus Cory, 1881 Myadestes genibarbis sanctaeluciae Stejneger, 1882 Myadestes genibarbis sibilans Lawrence, 1878 Myadestes genibarbis solitarius S. F. Baird, 1866 Myadestes lanaiensis lanaiensis (S. B. Wilson, 1891) Myadestes lanaiensis rutha (Bryan, 1908) Myadestes lanaiensis woahensis (A. Bloxam, 1899) Myadestes occidentalis insularis Stejneger, 1882 Myadestes occidentalis oberholseri Dickey & Van Rossem, 1925 Myadestes occidentalis occidentalis Stejneger, 1882 Myadestes ralloides candelae Meyer de Schauensee, 1947 Myadestes ralloides plumbeiceps Hellmayr, 1921 Myadestes ralloides ralloides (Orbigny, 1840) Myadestes ralloides venezuelensis P. L. Sclater, 1856 Myadestes townsendi calophonus R. T. Moore, 1937 Myadestes townsendi townsendi (Audubon, 1838) Myadestes unicolor pallens W. Miller & Griscom, 1925 Myadestes unicolor unicolor P. L. Sclater, 1857 Neocossyphus poensis poensis (Strickland, 1844) Neocossyphus poensis praepectoralis Jackson, 1906 Neocossyphus rufus gabunensis Neumann, 1908 Neocossyphus rufus rufus (Fischer & Reichenow, 1884) Nesocichla eremita eremita Gould, 1855 Nesocichla eremita gordoni Stenhouse, 1924 Nesocichla eremita procax H. F. I. Elliott, 1954 Pseudalethe choloensis choloensis (W. L. Sclater, 1927) Pseudalethe choloensis namuli (Vincent, 1933) Pseudalethe poliocephala akeleyae (Dearborn, 1909) Pseudalethe poliocephala carruthersi (Ogilvie-Grant, 1906) Pseudalethe poliocephala compsonota (Cassin, 1859) Pseudalethe poliocephala giloensis (Cunningham-van Someren & Schifter, 1981) Pseudalethe poliocephala hallae (Traylor, 1961) Pseudalethe poliocephala kungwensis (Moreau, 1941) Pseudalethe poliocephala poliocephala (Bonaparte, 1850) Pseudalethe poliocephala ufipae (Moreau, 1942) Pseudalethe poliocephala vandeweghei (Prigogine, 1984) Pseudalethe poliophrys kaboboensis (Prigogine, 1957) Pseudalethe poliophrys poliophrys (Sharpe, 1902) Psophocichla litsitsirupa litsitsirupa (A. Smith, 1836) Psophocichla litsitsirupa pauciguttata (Clancey, 1956) Psophocichla litsitsirupa simensis (Rüppell, 1837) Psophocichla litsitsirupa stierlingi (Reichenow, 1900) Ridgwayia pinicola maternalis (A. R. Phillips, 1991) Ridgwayia pinicola pinicola (P. L. Sclater, 1859) Sialia mexicana amabilis R. T. Moore, 1939 Sialia mexicana bairdi Ridgway, 1894 Sialia mexicana jacoti A. R. Phillips, 1991 Sialia mexicana mexicana Swainson, 1832 Sialia mexicana nelsoni A. R. Phillips, 1991 Sialia mexicana occidentalis J. K. Townsend, 1837 Sialia sialis bermudensis A. H. Verrill, 1901 Sialia sialis caribaea T. R. Howell, 1965 Sialia sialis fulva Brewster, 1885 Sialia sialis grata Bangs, 1898 Sialia sialis guatemalae Ridgway, 1882 Sialia sialis meridionalis Dickey & Van Rossem, 1930 Sialia sialis nidificans A. R. Phillips, 1991 Sialia sialis sialis (Linnaeus, 1758) Stizorhina fraseri fraseri (Strickland, 1844) Stizorhina fraseri rubicunda (Hartlaub, 1860) Stizorhina fraseri vulpina Reichenow, 1902 Turdus abyssinicus abyssinicus Gmelin, 1789 Turdus abyssinicus bambusicola Neumann, 1908 Turdus abyssinicus baraka (Sharpe, 1903) Turdus abyssinicus deckeni Cabanis, 1868 Turdus abyssinicus milanjensis Shelley, 1893 Turdus abyssinicus nyikae Reichenow, 1904 Turdus abyssinicus oldeani W. L. Sclater & Moreau, 1935 Turdus albicollis albicollis Vieillot, 1818 Turdus albicollis contemptus Hellmayr, 1902 Turdus albicollis crotopezus Lichtenstein, 1823 Turdus albicollis paraguayensis (Chubb, 1910) Turdus albicollis phaeopygoides Seebohm, 1881 Turdus albicollis phaeopygus Cabanis, 1848 Turdus albicollis spodiolaemus Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1896 Turdus assimilis assimilis Cabanis, 1850 Turdus assimilis atrotinctus W. Miller & Griscom, 1925 Turdus assimilis benti A. R. Phillips, 1991 Turdus assimilis calliphthongus R. T. Moore, 1937 Turdus assimilis campanicola A. R. Phillips, 1991 Turdus assimilis cnephosus (Bangs, 1902) Turdus assimilis coibensis Eisenmann, 1950 Turdus assimilis croizati A. R. Phillips, 1991 Turdus assimilis hondurensis A. R. Phillips, 1991 Turdus assimilis leucauchen P. L. Sclater, 1859 Turdus assimilis lygrus Oberholser, 1921 Turdus assimilis rubicundus (Dearborn, 1907) Turdus assimilis suttoni A. R. Phillips, 1991 Turdus bewsheri bewsheri E. Newton, 1877 Turdus bewsheri comorensis Milne-Edwards & Oustalet, 1885 Turdus bewsheri moheliensis Benson, 1960 Turdus chiguanco anthracinus Burmeister, 1858 Turdus chiguanco chiguanco Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837 Turdus chiguanco conradi Salvadori & Festa, 1899 Turdus falcklandii falcklandii Quoy & Gaimard, 1824 Turdus falcklandii magellanicus King, 1831 Turdus flavipes flavipes Vieillot, 1818 Turdus flavipes melanopleurus (Sharpe, 1900) Turdus flavipes polionotus (Sharpe, 1900) Turdus flavipes venezuelensis (Sharpe, 1900) Turdus flavipes xanthoscelus Jardine, 1847 Turdus fumigatus aquilonalis (Cherrie, 1909) Turdus fumigatus bondi Deignan, 1951 Turdus fumigatus fumigatus Lichtenstein, 1823 Turdus fumigatus orinocensis Zimmer & W. H. Phelps, 1955 Turdus fumigatus personus (Barbour, 1911) Turdus fuscater cacozelus (Bangs, 1898) Turdus fuscater clarus Phelps & W. H. Phelps Jr, 1953 Turdus fuscater fuscater Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837 Turdus fuscater gigantodes Cabanis, 1873 Turdus fuscater gigas Fraser, 1841 Turdus fuscater ockendeni Hellmayr, 1906 Turdus fuscater quindio Chapman, 1925 Turdus grayi casius (Bonaparte, 1855) Turdus grayi grayi Bonaparte, 1838 Turdus grayi lanyoni Dickerman, 1981 Turdus grayi linnaei A. R. Phillips, 1966 Turdus grayi megas W. Miller & Griscom, 1925 Turdus grayi microrhynchus Lowery & R. J. Newman, 1949 Turdus grayi tamaulipensis (Nelson, 1897) Turdus grayi yucatanensis A. R. Phillips, 1991 Turdus ignobilis arthuri (Chubb, 1914) Turdus ignobilis debilis Hellmayr, 1902 Turdus ignobilis goodfellowi Hartert & Hellmayr, 1901 Turdus ignobilis ignobilis P. L. Sclater, 1858 Turdus ignobilis murinus Salvin, 1885 Turdus iliacus coburni Sharpe, 1901 Turdus iliacus iliacus Linnaeus, 1758 Turdus leucomelas albiventer Spix, 1824 Turdus leucomelas cautor Wetmore, 1946 Turdus leucomelas leucomelas Vieillot, 1818 Turdus lherminieri dominicensis (Lawrence, 1880) Turdus lherminieri lherminieri Lafresnaye, 1844 Turdus lherminieri montserrati Zuccon, 2011 Turdus lherminieri sanctaeluciae (P. L. Sclater, 1880) Turdus libonyana libonyana (A. Smith, 1836) Turdus libonyana peripheris Clancey, 1952 Turdus libonyana tropicalis W. Peters, 1881 Turdus libonyana verreauxii Bocage, 1869 Turdus merula aterrimus (Madarász, 1903) Turdus merula azorensis Hartert, 1905 Turdus merula cabrerae Hartert, 1901 Turdus merula intermedius (Richmond, 1896) Turdus merula mandarinus Bonaparte, 1850 Turdus merula mauritanicus Hartert, 1902 Turdus merula merula Linnaeus, 1758 Turdus merula sowerbyi Deignan, 1951 Turdus merula syriacus Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1833 Turdus migratorius achrusterus (Batchelder, 1900) Turdus migratorius caurinus (Grinnell, 1909) Turdus migratorius confinis S. F. Baird, 1864 Turdus migratorius migratorius Linnaeus, 1766 Turdus migratorius nigrideus Aldrich & Nutt, 1939 Turdus migratorius phillipsi Bangs, 1915 Turdus migratorius propinquus Ridgway, 1877 Turdus nudigenis extimus Todd, 1931 Turdus nudigenis nudigenis Lafresnaye, 1848 Turdus obsoletus colombianus Hartert & Hellmayr, 1901 Turdus obsoletus obsoletus Lawrence, 1862 Turdus obsoletus parambanus Hartert, 1920 Turdus olivaceus culminans Clancey, 1982 Turdus olivaceus olivaceus Linnaeus, 1766 Turdus olivaceus pondoensis Reichenow, 1917 Turdus olivaceus swynnertoni Bannerman, 1913 Turdus olivaceus transvaalensis (Roberts, 1936) Turdus olivater caucae (Chapman, 1914) Turdus olivater duidae Chapman, 1929 Turdus olivater kemptoni W. H. Phelps & W. H. Phelps Jr, 1955 Turdus olivater olivater (Lafresnaye, 1848) Turdus olivater paraquensis W. H. Phelps & W. H. Phelps Jr, 1946 Turdus olivater ptaritepui W. H. Phelps & W. H. Phelps Jr, 1946 Turdus olivater roraimae Salvin & Godman, 1884 Turdus olivater sanctaemartae (Todd, 1913) Turdus pelios bocagei (Cabanis, 1882) Turdus pelios centralis Reichenow, 1905 Turdus pelios chiguancoides Seebohm, 1881 Turdus pelios graueri Neumann, 1908 Turdus pelios nigrilorum Reichenow, 1892 Turdus pelios pelios Bonaparte, 1850 Turdus pelios poensis Alexander, 1903 Turdus pelios saturatus (Cabanis, 1882) Turdus pelios stormsi Hartlaub, 1886 Turdus philomelos clarkei Hartert, 1909 Turdus philomelos hebridensis W. E. Clarke, 1913 Turdus philomelos nataliae Buturlin, 1929 Turdus philomelos philomelos C. L. Brehm, 1831 Turdus plebejus differens (Nelson, 1901) Turdus plebejus plebejus Cabanis, 1861 Turdus plebejus rafaelensis W. Miller & Griscom, 1925 Turdus plumbeus albiventris (P. L. Sclater, 1889) Turdus plumbeus ardosiaceus Vieillot, 1822 Turdus plumbeus coryi (Sharpe, 1902) Turdus plumbeus plumbeus Linnaeus, 1758 Turdus plumbeus rubripes Temminck, 1826 Turdus plumbeus schistaceus (S. F. Baird, 1864) Turdus poliocephalus albifrons (E. P. Ramsay, 1879) Turdus poliocephalus becki Mayr, 1941 Turdus poliocephalus beehleri Ripley, 1977 Turdus poliocephalus bougainvillei Mayr, 1941 Turdus poliocephalus canescens (De Vis, 1894) Turdus poliocephalus celebensis (Büttikofer, 1893) Turdus poliocephalus deningeri Stresemann, 1912 Turdus poliocephalus efatensis Mayr, 1941 Turdus poliocephalus erebus Mayr & Gilliard, 1952 Turdus poliocephalus erythropleurus Sharpe, 1887 Turdus poliocephalus fumidus S. Muller, 1844 Turdus poliocephalus hades Mayr, 1941 Turdus poliocephalus heinrothi Rothschild & Hartert, 1924 Turdus poliocephalus hygroscopus Stresemann, 1931 Turdus poliocephalus indrapurae Robinson & Kloss, 1916 Turdus poliocephalus javanicus Horsfield, 1821 Turdus poliocephalus katanglad Salomonsen, 1953 Turdus poliocephalus kelleri (Mearns, 1905) Turdus poliocephalus keysseri Mayr, 1931 Turdus poliocephalus kulambangrae Mayr, 1941 Turdus poliocephalus layardi (Seebohm, 1891) Turdus poliocephalus loeseri Meyer de Schauensee, 1939 Turdus poliocephalus malekulae Mayr, 1941 Turdus poliocephalus malindangensis (Mearns, 1907) Turdus poliocephalus mareensis E. L. Layard & Tristram, 1879 Turdus poliocephalus mayonensis (Mearns, 1907) Turdus poliocephalus mindorensis Ogilvie-Grant, 1896 Turdus poliocephalus nigrorum Ogilvie-Grant, 1896 Turdus poliocephalus niveiceps (Hellmayr, 1919) Turdus poliocephalus papuensis (De Vis, 1890) Turdus poliocephalus placens Mayr, 1941 Turdus poliocephalus poliocephalus Latham, 1802 Turdus poliocephalus pritzbueri E. L. Layard, 1878 Turdus poliocephalus rennellianus Mayr, 1931 Turdus poliocephalus ruficeps E. P. Ramsay, 1875 Turdus poliocephalus samoensis Tristram, 1879 Turdus poliocephalus schlegelii P. L. Sclater, 1861 Turdus poliocephalus seebohmi (Sharpe, 1888) Turdus poliocephalus sladeni A. J. Cain & I. C. J. Galbraith, 1955 Turdus poliocephalus sterlingi Mayr, 1944 Turdus poliocephalus stresemanni Bartels, 1938 Turdus poliocephalus tempesti E. L. Layard, 1876 Turdus poliocephalus thomassoni (Seebohm, 1894) Turdus poliocephalus tolokiwae Diamond, 1989 Turdus poliocephalus vanikorensis Quoy & Gaimard, 1830 Turdus poliocephalus versteegi Junge, 1939 Turdus poliocephalus vinitinctus (Gould, 1855) Turdus poliocephalus vitiensis (E. L. Layard, 1876) Turdus poliocephalus whiteheadi (Seebohm, 1893) Turdus poliocephalus whitneyi Mayr, 1941 Turdus poliocephalus xanthopus J. R. Forster, 1844 Turdus rubrocanus gouldii (J. Verreaux, 1870) Turdus rubrocanus rubrocanus J. E. Gray & G. R. Gray, 1847 Turdus rufiventris juensis (Cory, 1916) Turdus rufiventris rufiventris Vieillot, 1818 Turdus rufopalliatus graysoni (Ridgway, 1882) Turdus rufopalliatus interior A. R. Phillips, 1991 Turdus rufopalliatus rufopalliatus Lafresnaye, 1840 Turdus serranus atrosericeus (Lafresnaye, 1848) Turdus serranus cumanensis (Hellmayr, 1919) Turdus serranus fuscobrunneus (Chapman, 1912) Turdus serranus serranus Tschudi, 1844 Turdus simillimus bourdilloni (Seebohm, 1881) Turdus simillimus kinnisii (Blyth, 1851) Turdus simillimus nigropileus (Lafresnaye, 1840) Turdus simillimus simillimus Jerdon, 1839 Turdus swalesi dodae G. R. Graves & Olson, 1986 Turdus swalesi swalesi (Wetmore, 1927) Turdus torquatus alpestris (C. L. Brehm, 1831) Turdus torquatus amicorum Hartert, 1923 Turdus torquatus torquatus Linnaeus, 1758 Turdus viscivorus bonapartei Cabanis, 1860 Turdus viscivorus deichleri Erlanger, 1897 Turdus viscivorus viscivorus Linnaeus, 1758 Zoothera aurea aurea (Holandre, 1825) Zoothera aurea toratugumi (Momiyama, 1940) Zoothera dauma dauma (Latham, 1790) Zoothera dauma horsfieldi (Bonaparte, 1857) Zoothera dauma iriomotensis Nishiumi & Morioka, 2009 Zoothera heinei choiseuli (Hartert, 1924) Zoothera heinei eichhorni (Rothschild & Hartert, 1924) Zoothera heinei heinei (Cabanis, 1850) Zoothera heinei papuensis (Seebohm, 1881) Zoothera lunulata cuneata (De Vis, 1889) Zoothera lunulata halmaturina (A. G. Campbell, 1906) Zoothera lunulata lunulata (Latham, 1802) Zoothera mollissima griseiceps (Delacour, 1930) Zoothera mollissima mollissima (Blyth, 1842) Zoothera mollissima whiteheadi (E. C. S. Baker, 1913) Zoothera monticola atrata Delacour & Greenway, 1939 Zoothera monticola monticola Vigors, 1832 Zoothera talaseae atrigena Ripley & Hadden, 1982 Zoothera talaseae talaseae (Rothschild & Hartert, 1926)
Reference
^ Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel (1815). Analyse de la nature ou, Tableau de l'univers et des corps organisés ^ Bock, Walter J. (1994). History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names ^ Кнежевић, Наташа (2015). Птице певачице (Passeriformes) из збирке Природњачког одељења Народног музеја Зрењанин . Зрењанин: Народни музеј Зрењанин. стр. 24. ISBN 978-86-85961-60-1 . ^ Campbell, B., and E. Lack. A Dictionary of Birds.: Harrell Books, 1985.
^ Perrins, C. (1991). Forshaw, Joseph, ур. Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds . London: Merehurst Press. стр. 186—187. ISBN 978-1-85391-186-6 . ^ Кнежевић, Наташа (2015). Птице певачице (Passeriformes) из збирке Природњачког одељења Народног музеја Зрењанин . Зрењанин: Народни музеј Зрењанин. стр. 24. ISBN 978-86-85961-60-1 .
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