Bulbul
Bulbul
Hypsipetes amaurotis
Naučna klasifikacija
Domen:
Eukaryota
Carstvo:
Animalia
Tip:
Chordata
Klasa:
Aves
Red:
Passeriformes
Infrared:
Passerida
Porodica:
Pycnonotidae Gray, GR , 1840
Rodovi
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Sinonimi
Brachypodidae Swainson , 1831
Trichophoridae Swainson, 1831
Ixosidae Bonaparte , 1838
Hypsipetidae Bonaparte, 1854
Crinigeridae Bonaparte, 1854 (1831)
Phyllastrephidae Milne-Edwards & Grandidier , 1879
Tyladidae Oberholser , 1917
Spizixidae Oberholser, 1919
Bulbuli su familija , Pycnonotidae , ptica pevačica srednje veličine. Porodica je raspoređena u većem delu Afrike i na Bliskom istoku, tropskoj Aziji do Indonezije i severno do Japana. Domovina bulbula je Irak . Nekoliko ostrvskih vrsta se pojavljuje na tropskim ostrvima Indijskog okeana. Postoji preko 150 vrsta u 27 rodova . Dok se neke vrste nalaze u većini staništa, afričke vrste se uglavnom nalaze u prašumi . Međutim, vrste iz kišnih šuma su retke u Aziji, i azijske bulbuli preferiraju otvorenije prostore.
Taksonomija i sistematika
Etimologija
Reč bulbul je izvedena iz persijskog i arapskog (بلبل),[ 1] [ 2] sa značenjem slavuj ,[ 3] mada se bulbul odnosi na vrabaste ptice različite familije.
Rodovi
Trenutno je definisano 27 rodova:[ 4]
Spizixos semitorques
Pycnonotus jocosus
Vrste
Acritillas indica (Jerdon, 1839)
Alophoixus bres (Lesson, 1831)
Alophoixus finschii (Salvadori, 1871)
Alophoixus flaveolus (Gould, 1836)
Alophoixus frater (Sharpe, 1877)
Alophoixus ochraceus (Moore, 1854)
Alophoixus pallidus (Swinhoe, 1870)
Alophoixus phaeocephalus (Hartlaub, 1844)
Andropadus importunus (Vieillot, 1818)
Arizelocichla chlorigula (Reichenow, 1899)
Arizelocichla fusciceps (Shelley, 1893)
Arizelocichla kakamegae (Sharpe, 1900)
Arizelocichla kikuyuensis (Sharpe, 1891)
Arizelocichla masukuensis (Shelley, 1897)
Arizelocichla milanjensis (Shelley, 1894)
Arizelocichla montana (Reichenow, 1892)
Arizelocichla neumanni Hartert, 1922
Arizelocichla nigriceps (Shelley, 1889)
Arizelocichla olivaceiceps (Shelley, 1896)
Arizelocichla striifacies (Reichenow & Neumann, 1895)
Arizelocichla tephrolaema (G. R. Gray, 1862)
Atimastillas flavicollis (Swainson, 1837)
Baeopogon clamans (Sjöstedt, 1893)
Baeopogon indicator (J. Verreaux & E. Verreaux, 1855)
Bleda canicapillus (Hartlaub, 1854)
Bleda eximius (Hartlaub, 1855)
Bleda notatus (Cassin, 1856)
Bleda syndactylus (Swainson, 1837)
Calyptocichla serinus (J. Verreaux & E. Verreaux, 1855)
Cerasophila thompsoni Bingham, 1900
Chlorocichla falkensteini (Reichenow, 1874)
Chlorocichla flaviventris (A. Smith, 1834)
Chlorocichla laetissima (Sharpe, 1899)
Chlorocichla prigoginei De Roo, 1967
Chlorocichla simplex (Hartlaub, 1855)
Criniger barbatus (Temminck, 1821)
Criniger calurus (Cassin, 1856)
Criniger chloronotus (Cassin, 1859)
Criniger ndussumensis Reichenow, 1904
Criniger olivaceus (Swainson, 1837)
Eurillas ansorgei (Hartert, 1907)
Eurillas curvirostris (Cassin, 1859)
Eurillas gracilis (Cabanis, 1880)
Eurillas latirostris (Strickland, 1844)
Eurillas virens (Cassin, 1857)
Hemixos castanonotus Swinhoe, 1870
Hemixos cinereus (Blyth, 1845)
Hemixos flavala Blyth, 1845
Hypsipetes amaurotis (Temminck, 1830)
Hypsipetes borbonicus (J. R. Forster, 1781)
Hypsipetes crassirostris E. Newton, 1867
Hypsipetes everetti (Tweeddale, 1877)
Hypsipetes ganeesa Sykes, 1832
Hypsipetes guimarasensis (Steere, 1890)
Hypsipetes leucocephalus (Gmelin, 1789)
Hypsipetes madagascariensis (Statius Muller, 1776)
Hypsipetes mindorensis (Steere, 1890)
Hypsipetes moheliensis (Benson, 1960)
Hypsipetes olivaceus Jardine & Selby, 1837
Hypsipetes parvirostris Milne-Edwards & Oustalet, 1885
Hypsipetes philippinus (J. R. Forster, 1795)
Hypsipetes rufigularis (Sharpe, 1877)
Hypsipetes siquijorensis (Steere, 1890)
Iole olivacea Blyth, 1844
Iole palawanensis (Tweeddale, 1878)
Iole propinqua (Oustalet, 1903)
Iole virescens Blyth, 1845
Ixonotus guttatus J. Verreaux & E. Verreaux, 1851
Ixos malaccensis (Blyth, 1845)
Ixos mcclellandii (Horsfield, 1840)
Ixos nicobariensis (Moore, 1854)
Ixos virescens Temminck, 1825
Malia grata Schlegel, 1880
Neolestes torquatus Cabanis, 1875
Phyllastrephus albigula (Grote, 1919)
Phyllastrephus albigularis (Sharpe, 1882)
Phyllastrephus alfredi (Shelley, 1903)
Phyllastrephus baumanni Reichenow, 1895
Phyllastrephus cabanisi (Sharpe, 1882)
Phyllastrephus cerviniventris Shelley, 1894
Phyllastrephus debilis (W. L. Sclater, 1899)
Phyllastrephus fischeri (Reichenow, 1879)
Phyllastrephus flavostriatus (Sharpe, 1876)
Phyllastrephus fulviventris Cabanis, 1876
Phyllastrephus hypochloris (Jackson, 1906)
Phyllastrephus icterinus (Bonaparte, 1850)
Phyllastrephus leucolepis Gatter, 1985
Phyllastrephus lorenzi Sassi, 1914
Phyllastrephus placidus (Shelley, 1889)
Phyllastrephus poensis Alexander, 1903
Phyllastrephus poliocephalus (Reichenow, 1892)
Phyllastrephus scandens Swainson, 1837
Phyllastrephus strepitans (Reichenow, 1879)
Phyllastrephus terrestris Swainson, 1837
Phyllastrephus xavieri (Oustalet, 1892)
Pycnonotus atriceps (Temminck, 1822)
Pycnonotus aurigaster (Vieillot, 1818)
Pycnonotus barbatus (Desfontaines, 1789)
Pycnonotus bimaculatus (Horsfield, 1821)
Pycnonotus blanfordi Jerdon, 1862
Pycnonotus brunneus Blyth, 1845
Pycnonotus cafer (Linnaeus, 1766)
Pycnonotus capensis (Linnaeus, 1766)
Pycnonotus cinereifrons (Tweeddale, 1878)
Pycnonotus cyaniventris Blyth, 1842
Pycnonotus dispar (Horsfield, 1821)
Pycnonotus dodsoni Sharpe, 1895
Pycnonotus erythropthalmos (Hume, 1878)
Pycnonotus eutilotus (Jardine & Selby, 1837)
Pycnonotus finlaysoni Strickland, 1844
Pycnonotus flavescens Blyth, 1845
Pycnonotus flaviventris (Tickell, 1833)
Pycnonotus fuscoflavescens (Hume, 1873)
Pycnonotus goiavier (Scopoli, 1786)
Pycnonotus gularis (Gould, 1836)
Pycnonotus hualon I. A. Woxvold, J. W. Duckworth & R. J. Timmins, 2009
Pycnonotus jocosus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Pycnonotus leucogenys (J. E. Gray, 1835)
Pycnonotus leucogrammicus (S. Muller, 1836)
Pycnonotus leucotis (Gould, 1836)
Pycnonotus luteolus (Lesson, 1841)
Pycnonotus melanicterus (Gmelin, 1789)
Pycnonotus melanoleucos (Eyton, 1839)
Pycnonotus montis (Sharpe, 1879)
Pycnonotus nieuwenhuisii (Finsch, 1901)
Pycnonotus nigricans (Vieillot, 1818)
Pycnonotus penicillatus Blyth, 1851
Pycnonotus plumosus Blyth, 1845
Pycnonotus priocephalus (Jerdon, 1839)
Pycnonotus simplex Lesson, 1839
Pycnonotus sinensis (Gmelin, 1789)
Pycnonotus somaliensis Reichenow, 1905
Pycnonotus squamatus (Temminck, 1828)
Pycnonotus striatus (Blyth, 1842)
Pycnonotus taivanus Styan, 1893
Pycnonotus tricolor (Hartlaub, 1862)
Pycnonotus tympanistrigus (S. Muller, 1836)
Pycnonotus urostictus (Salvadori, 1870)
Pycnonotus xantholaemus (Jerdon, 1845)
Pycnonotus xanthopygos (Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1833)
Pycnonotus xanthorrhous Anderson, 1869
Pycnonotus zeylanicus (Gmelin, 1789)
Setornis criniger Lesson, 1839
Spizixos canifrons Blyth, 1845
Spizixos semitorques Swinhoe, 1861
Stelgidillas gracilirostris (Strickland, 1844)
Thapsinillas affinis (Hombron & Jacquinot, 1841)
Thapsinillas longirostris (Wallace, 1863)
Thapsinillas mysticalis (Wallace, 1863)
Thescelocichla leucopleura (Cassin, 1855)
Tricholestes criniger (Blyth, 1845)
Reference
Literatura
Beresford, P.; Barker, F.K.; Ryan, P.G.; Crowe, T.M. (2005). „African endemics span the tree of songbirds (Passeri): molecular systematics of several evolutionary 'enigmas' ” . Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B . 272 (1565): 849—858. PMC 1599865 . PMID 15888418 . doi :10.1098/rspb.2004.2997 .
Cibois, Alice (2001). „AN ENDEMIC RADIATION OF MALAGASY SONGBIRDS IS REVEALED BY MITOCHONDRIAL DNA SEQUENCE DATA” . Evolution . 55 : 1198. doi :10.1554/0014-3820(2001)055[1198:AEROMS]2.0.CO;2 .
Delacour, J (1943). „A revision of the genera and species of the family Pycnonotidae (bulbuls)”. Zoologica . 28 (1): 17—28.
Fishpool L. & Tobias J. (2005) "Family Pycnonotidae (Bulbuls) in del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A. & Christie D. (editors). (2005). Handbook of the Birds of the World . Volume 10: Cuckoo-Shrikes to Thrushes . Lynx Edicions. ISBN 84-87334-72-5
Moyle, Robert G. (2006). „Phylogenetic relationships of the bulbuls (Aves: Pycnonotidae) based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence data”. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution . 40 : 687—695. doi :10.1016/j.ympev.2006.04.015 .
Pasquet, Éric; Han, Lian-Xian; Khobkhet, Obhas; Cibois, Alice (2001). „Towards a molecular systematics of the genus Criniger , and a preliminary phylogeny of the bulbuls (Aves, Passeriformes, Pycnonotidae)” (PDF) . Zoosystema . 23 (4): 857—863. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 16. 8. 2009. г. Приступљено 12. 1. 2007 .
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