Belci (leptiri)
Leptiri vrste Eurema nicippe Stakiju u Južnoj Karolini Belci (lat. Pieridae leptira sa oko 76 rodova koja sadrži oko 1,100 vrsta, uglavnom iz tropske Afrike i tropske Azije , sa nekim varijetetima u severnijim regionima Severne Amerike.[ 1] [ 2] butterfly ” nastao po članu ove porodice, sumporno obojenog Gonepteryx rhamni butter-coloured fly ” (muva boje maslaca).[ 2]
Polovi se obično razlikuju, često po paternu ili broju crnih oznaka. Larve (gusenice ) nekih vrsta, kao što su Pieris brassicae Pieris rapae kupusom i zloglasne su poljoprivredne štetočine . Mužjaci mnogih vrsta manifestuju društveno hranjenje na blatu, pri čemu upijaju soli iz vlažnog tla.[ 1]
Klasifikacija
Pripadnici porodice Pieridae imaju radijalnu venu na prednjoj strani sa tri ili četiri grane i retko sa pet grana. Prednje noge su dobro razvijene kod oba pola, za razliku od Nymphalidae nožne kandže je bifidne, za razliku od Papilionidae [ 3]
Kao i Papilionidae , Pieridae takođe imaju lutke koje se drže pod uglom pomoću svilenog pojasa, ali se nalaze na prvom trbušnom segmentu, za razliku od toraksnog pojasa koji se vidi kod Papilionidae . Neke vrste, poput madrona leptira , koje pripadaju ovoj porodici ne pokazuju prisustvo ovog trbušnog svilenog pojasa.[ 4]
Potporodice
Porodica Pieridae se generalno deli u sledeće četiri potporodice:
Dismorphiinae neotropskih ; ova grupa obuhvata nekoliko mimetičkih vrsta. Njihove biljke domaćini su u porodici Fabaceae .[ 1] Pierinae (55 rodova), beli, žuti, i narandžasti tipovi; mnoge od ovih vrsta su izrazito migratorne. Biljke domaćini su u porodicama Capparidaceae Brassicaceae Santalaceae Loranthaceae [ 1] Coliadinae polno dimorfne . Neke, kao što su one u rodu Colias [ 1] Pseudopontiinae Pseudopontia Pseudopontia paradoxa Prema molekularno filogenetičkim studijma koje su sproveli Brabi et al. (2005),[ 5] Pieridae potporodicama ((Dismorphiinae + Pseudopontiinae ) + (Coliadinae + Pierinae )).
Vrste
Abaeis nicippe (Cramer, 1779) Anteos clorinde (Godart, 1824) Anteos maerula (Fabricius, 1775) Anthocharis cethura C. Felder and R. Felder, 1865 Anthocharis lanceolata Lucas, 1852 Anthocharis midea (Hübner, 1809) Anthocharis sara Lucas, 1852 Aphrissa orbis (Poey, 1832) Aphrissa statira (Cramer, 1777) Ascia monuste (Linnaeus, 1764) Catasticta nimbice (Boisduval, 1836) Colias alexandra W. H. Edwards, 1863 Colias behrii W. H. Edwards, 1866 Colias canadensis Ferris, 1982 Colias christina W. H. Edwards, 1863 Colias eurytheme Boisduval, 1852 Colias gigantea Strecker, 1900 Colias harfordii Hy. Edwards, 1877 Colias hecla Lefèbvre, 1836 Colias interior Scudder, 1862 Colias johanseni Troubridge and Philip, 1990 Colias meadii W. H. Edwards, 1871 Colias nastes Boisduval, 1832 Colias occidentalis Scudder, 1862 Colias palaeno (Linnaeus, 1761) Colias pelidne Boisduval and Le Conte, 1830 Colias philodice Godart, 1819 Colias scudderii Reakirt, 1865 Colias tyche (Böber, 1812) Enantia albania (H. Bates, 1864) Euchloe ausonides (Lucas, 1852) Euchloe creusa (E. Doubleday, 1847) Euchloe guaymasensis Opler, 1987 Euchloe hyantis (W. H. Edwards, 1871) Euchloe lotta Beutenmüller, 1898 Euchloe naina Kozhanchikov, 1923 Euchloe olympia (W. H. Edwards, 1871) Eurema albula (Cramer, 1775) Eurema boisduvaliana (C. Felder and R. Felder, 1865) Eurema daira (Godart, 1819) Eurema mexicana (Boisduval, 1836) Eurema salome (C. Felder and R. Felder, 1861) Ganyra howarthi (Dixey, 1915) Ganyra josephina (Godart, 1819) Glutophrissa drusilla (Cramer, 1779) Itaballia demophile (Linnaeus, 1763) Kricogonia lyside (Godart, 1819) Leptophobia aripa (Boisduval, 1836) Melete lycimnia (Cramer, 1777) Nathalis iole Boisduval, 1836 Neophasia menapia (C. Felder and R. Felder, 1859) Neophasia terlooii Behr, 1869 Phoebis agarithe (Boisduval, 1836) Phoebis argante (Fabricius, 1775) Phoebis neocypris (Hübner, 1823) Phoebis philea (Linnaeus, 1763) Phoebis sennae (Linnaeus, 1758) Pieriballia viardi (Boisduval, 1836) Pieris angelika Eitschberger, 1984 Pieris brassicae (Linnaeus, 1758) Pieris marginalis Scudder, 1861 Pieris napi (Linnaeus, 1758) Pieris oleracea (T. Harris, 1829) Pieris rapae (Linnaeus, 1758) Pieris virginiensis W. H. Edwards, 1870 Pontia beckerii (W. H. Edwards, 1871) Pontia occidentalis (Reakirt, 1866) Pontia protodice (Boisduval and Le Conte, 1830) Pontia sisymbrii (Boisduval, 1852) Pyrisitia dina (Poey, 1832) Pyrisitia lisa (Boisduval and Le Conte, 1830) Pyrisitia messalina (Fabricius, 1787) Pyrisitia nise (Cramer, 1775) Pyrisitia proterpia (Fabricius, 1775) Zerene cesonia (Stoll, 1790) Zerene eurydice (Boisduval, 1855)
Podvrste
Anthocharis cethura catalina Meadows, 1937 Anthocharis cethura cethura C. Felder and R. Felder, 1865 Anthocharis cethura hadromarmorata J. Emmel, T. Emmel and Mattoon in T. Emmel, 1998 Anthocharis cethura mojavensis J. Emmel, T. Emmel and Mattoon in T. Emmel, 1998 Anthocharis cethura morrisoni W. H. Edwards, 1881 Anthocharis cethura pima W. H. Edwards, 1888 Anthocharis lanceolata australis (F. Grinnell, 1908) Anthocharis lanceolata desertolimbus J. Emmel, T. Emmel and Mattoon in T. Emmel, 1998 Anthocharis lanceolata lanceolata Lucas, 1852 Anthocharis midea annickae dos Passos and Klots, 1969 Anthocharis midea midea (Hübner, 1809) Anthocharis midea texana Gatrelle, 1998 Anthocharis sara alaskensis Gunder, 1932 Anthocharis sara browningi Skinner, 1906 Anthocharis sara flora W. G. Wright, 1892 Anthocharis sara gunderi Ingham, 1933 Anthocharis sara inghami Gunder, 1932 Anthocharis sara julia W. H. Edwards, 1872 Anthocharis sara pseudothoosa Austin in T. Emmel, 1998 Anthocharis sara sara Lucas, 1852 Anthocharis sara stella W. H. Edwards, 1879 Anthocharis sara sulfuris Pelham, 2008 Anthocharis sara thoosa (Scudder, 1878) Aphrissa orbis orbis (Poey, 1832) Aphrissa statira floridensis (Neumoegen, 1891) Aphrissa statira statira (Cramer, 1777) Ascia monuste eubotea (Godart, 1819) Ascia monuste monuste (Linnaeus, 1764) Ascia monuste phileta (Fabricius, 1775) Catasticta nimbice nimbice (Boisduval, 1836) Colias alexandra alexandra W. H. Edwards, 1863 Colias alexandra altamont Kondla and Kohler, 2006 Colias alexandra altiplano M. Fisher and Scott, 2006 Colias alexandra apache Ferris, 1988 Colias alexandra astraea W. H. Edwards, 1872 Colias alexandra columbiensis Ferris, 1973 Colias alexandra edwardsii W. H. Edwards, 1870 Colias alexandra pseudocolumbiensis C. Guppy and J. Shepard, 2001 Colias christina christina W. H. Edwards, 1863 Colias christina kluanensis Ferris, 1981 Colias christina krauthii Klots, 1935 Colias christina pseudochristina Ferris, 1989 Colias christina sacajawea Kohler, 2006 Colias christina sullivani Hammond and McCorkle, 2003 Colias gigantea gigantea Strecker, 1900 Colias gigantea harroweri Klots, 1940 Colias gigantea mayi F. Chermock and R. Chermock, 1940 Colias hecla aquilonaris Grum-Grshimailo, 1900 Colias hecla hecla Lefèbvre, 1836 Colias hecla hela Strecker, 1880 Colias meadii elis Strecker, 1885 Colias meadii lemhiensis N. Curtis and Ferris, 1985 Colias meadii meadii W. H. Edwards, 1871 Colias nastes aliaska O. Bang-Haas, 1927 Colias nastes dezhnevi Korshunov, 1995 Colias nastes ferrisi Verhulst, 2004 Colias nastes moina Strecker, 1880 Colias nastes nastes Boisduval, 1832 Colias nastes streckeri Grum-Grshimailo, 1895 Colias occidentalis chrysomelas Hy. Edwards, 1877 Colias occidentalis occidentalis Scudder, 1862 Colias palaeno baffinensis Ebner and Ferris, 1978 Colias palaeno chippewa W. H. Edwards, 1870 Colias pelidne pelidne Boisduval and Le Conte, 1830 Colias pelidne skinneri W. Barnes, 1897 Colias philodice eriphyle W. H. Edwards, 1876 Colias philodice philodice Godart, 1819 Colias philodice vitabunda Hovanitz, 1943 Colias tyche boothii J. Curtis, 1835 Colias tyche olga Churkin, Grieshuber, Bogdanov and Zamolodchikov, 2001 Colias tyche thula Hovanitz, 1955 Enantia albania albania (H. Bates, 1864) Euchloe ausonides ausonides (Lucas, 1852) Euchloe ausonides coloradensis (Hy. Edwards, 1881) Euchloe ausonides insulanus C. Guppy and J. Shepard, 2001 Euchloe ausonides mayi F. Chermock and R. Chermock, 1940 Euchloe ausonides ogilvia Back, 1991 Euchloe ausonides palaeoreios K. Johnson, 1976 Euchloe ausonides transmontana Austin and J. Emmel in T. Emmel, 1998 Euchloe creusa creusa (E. Doubleday, 1847) Euchloe hyantis andrewsi Martin, 1958 Euchloe hyantis hyantis (W. H. Edwards, 1871) Euchloe naina jakutia Back, 1991 Eurema albula celata (R. Felder, 1869) Eurema daira daira (Godart, 1819) Eurema daira eugenia (Wallengren, 1860) Eurema daira palmira (Poey, 1852) Eurema daira sidonia (R. Felder, 1869) Eurema mexicana mexicana (Boisduval, 1836) Eurema salome jamapa (Reakirt, 1866) Ganyra josephina josepha (Salvin and Godman, 1868) Glutophrissa drusilla neumoegenii (Skinner, 1894) Glutophrissa drusilla tenuis (Lamas, 1981) Itaballia demophile centralis Joicey and Talbot, 1928 Leptophobia aripa elodia (Boisduval, 1836) Melete lycimnia isandra (Boisduval, 1836) Neophasia menapia magnamenapia Austin in T. Emmel, 1998 Neophasia menapia melanica Scott, 1981 Neophasia menapia menapia (C. Felder and R. Felder, 1859) Neophasia menapia tau (Scudder, 1861) Neophasia menapia tehachapina J. Emmel, T. Emmel and Mattoon in T. Emmel, 1998 Phoebis agarithe agarithe (Boisduval, 1836) Phoebis agarithe fisheri (Hy. Edwards, 1883) Phoebis agarithe maxima (Neumoegen, 1891) Phoebis argante argante (Fabricius, 1775) Phoebis neocypris virgo (Butler, 1870) Phoebis philea philea (Linnaeus, 1763) Phoebis sennae marcellina (Cramer, 1777) Phoebis sennae sennae (Linnaeus, 1758) Pieriballia viardi viardi (Boisduval, 1836) Pieris marginalis castoria Reakirt, 1866 Pieris marginalis guppyi Eitschberger, 1984 Pieris marginalis hulda W. H. Edwards, 1869 Pieris marginalis marginalis Scudder, 1861 Pieris marginalis meckyae Eitschberger, 1984 Pieris marginalis mogollon Burdick, 1942 Pieris marginalis pallidissima W. Barnes and McDunnough, 1916 Pieris marginalis pseudobryoniae Fruhstorfer, 1909 Pieris marginalis pseudonapi W. Barnes and McDunnough, 1916 Pieris marginalis reicheli Eitschberger, 1984 Pieris marginalis sequoia J. Emmel, T. Emmel and Mattoon in T. Emmel, 1998 Pieris marginalis shapiroi Eitschberger, 1984 Pieris marginalis tremblayi Eitschberger, 1984 Pieris marginalis venosa Scudder, 1861 Pieris marginalis zeigleri Eitschberger, 1991 Pieris oleracea frigida Scudder, 1861 Pieris oleracea oleracea (T. Harris, 1829) Pieris rapae rapae (Linnaeus, 1758) Pieris virginiensis hyatti Eitschberger, 1984 Pieris virginiensis virginiensis W. H. Edwards, 1870 Pontia occidentalis nelsoni (W. H. Edwards, 1883) Pontia occidentalis occidentalis (Reakirt, 1866) Pontia sisymbrii beringiensis C. Guppy and Kondla, 2001 Pontia sisymbrii elivata (W. Barnes and Benjamin, 1926) Pontia sisymbrii flavitincta (J. A. Comstock, 1924) Pontia sisymbrii nigravenosa Austin and J. Emmel in T. Emmel, 1998 Pontia sisymbrii nordini (K. Johnson, 1977) Pontia sisymbrii sisymbrii (Boisduval, 1852) Pontia sisymbrii transversa R. Holland, 1995 Pyrisitia dina helios (D. Bates, 1934) Pyrisitia dina westwoodii (Boisduval, 1836) Pyrisitia lisa centralis (Herrich-Schäffer, 1865) Pyrisitia lisa lisa (Boisduval and Le Conte, 1830) Pyrisitia nise nelphe (R. Felder, 1869) Pyrisitia nise nise (Cramer, 1775) Zerene cesonia cesonia (Stoll, 1790)
Reference
^ а б в г д DeVries P. J. in Levin S.A. (ed) 2001 The Encyclopaedia of Biodiversity. Academic Press.
^ а б Carter, David (2000). Butterflies and Moths.
^ Borror, D. J., Triplehorn, C. A., & Johnson, N. F. (1989). An introduction to the study of insects (6th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders College Publishers. ISBN 0-03-025397-7
^ P.G., Kevan,; R.A., Bye, (1991). „natural history, sociobiology, and ethnobiology of Eucheira socialis Westwood (Lepidoptera: Pieridae), a unique and little-known butterfly from Mexico” . Entomologist (на језику: енглески). ISSN 0013-8878 . Архивирано из оригинала 28. 07. 2020. г. Приступљено 27. 08. 2019 . ^ Braby, M.F. (2005). „Provisional checklist of genera of the Pieridae (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)”. Zootaxa . 832 : 1—16.
Literatura
Braby, M. F. 2005. Provisional checklist of genera of the Pieridae (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Zootaxa 832: 1–16.
Braby, M., R. Vila, and N. E. Pierce. 2006. Molecular phylogeny and systematics of the Pieridae (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea: higher classification and biogeography. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 147(2): 239-275.
Carter, David. 2000. Butterflies and Moths (2/ed). Dorling Kindersley, London. ISBN 0-7513-2707-7 .
A New Subspecies of Eurema andersoni (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) from South India, O YATA, H GAONKAR - Entomological science, 1999 - ci.nii.ac.jp
Glassberg, Jeffrey Butterflies through Binoculars, The West (2001)
James, David G. and Nunnallee, David Life Histories of Cascadia Butterflies (2011)
Pyle, Robert Michael The Butterflies of Cascadia (2002)
