Пролетњаци
Пролетњаци (Plecoptera) [ 2] крилатих инсеката са богатом и дугом еволуционом историјом. Савремена светска фауна обухвата преко 3.500 врста пролетњака,[ 3] космополитски распрострањен (одсуствује једино на Антарктику ).[ 4]
Сматра се да су пролетњаци једна од најпримитивнијих група класе Neoptera . Њихови блиски сродници су идентификовани међу врстама из геолошких периода креде и доњег перма , док су прави пролетњаци познати из фосила који су нешто мало млађи. Према данашњим подацима сматра се да они воде порекло из мезозоичког периода.[ 5]
Пролетњаци обитавају на јужној и северној хемисфери, и популације су прилично различите, мада еволуциона евиденција сугерише да су врсте прешле екватор много пута пре него пто су поново постале географски изоловане.[ 5] [ 6]
Пошто су ларве свих пролетњака неотпорне на загађеност животне средине , ови инсекти се користе као биоиндикатори .
[ 7]
Пролетњаци су хемиметаболни инсекти, чије ларве живе у незагађеним слатководним екосистемима (језерима , рекама , потоцима ). Ларве се пресвалаче и до 10 пута, пре изласка из воде и пресвлачења у адулте. Адултне јединке не напуштају околину места где су живеле као ларве (филопатрија ) и често се одмарају на камењу или површинској вегетацији у воденом екосистему . Адулти су величине до 50 mm и код већине врста поседују крила . Карактеристика по којој су добиле научно име (грч. πλέκειν [ 8] тарзусима (само код савремених врста), карактеристичном морфолошком грађом мушког полног органа (едеагус ) и делимично сраслим тестисима , додатним циркулаторним органом („церкално срце"), као и дугачким једно- до вишесегментним церцима који полазе са 10. абдоминалног сегмента[ 1] [ 8] [ 9]
Ларве се у воденим екосистемима хране ловећи друге артроподе, биљним материјалом или детритусом . Одрасле јединке се, у зависности од еволуционе историје врсте, хране хербиворно или су активни предатори.
Најстарији фосилни налази пролетњака потичу из доњег Перма . Изумрле палеозојске представнике поједини аутори сврставају у засебан ред (Protoperlaria) али су вероватно у питању базалне врсте, којима недостају одређене карактеристике савремених[ 1]
Савремени представници реда пролетњака биогеографски и систематски су подељени у оне који насељавају Јужну хемисферу (подред Antarctoperlaria) и оне који насељавају Северну хемисферу (подред Arctoperlaria).[ 10] Пангее на Лауразију и Гондвану током Јуре . Новија истраживања кладистичке систематике указују на парафилетску природу подреда Antarctoperlaria, услед чега се класификациона схема читавог реда своди на постојање две јужне натфамилије и једног северног подреда, који са своје стране обухвата једну фамилију и два инфрареда. Укупан број савремених фамилија је 16.
Одрасла јединак фамилије Taeniopterygidae (Euholognatha ) Одрасла јединак фамилије Perlidae (Systellognatha ) ред Plecoptera
„Protoperlaria"
фамилија †Lemmatophoridae
фамилија †Liomopteridae
фамилија †Probnidae
подред „Antarctoperlaria"
натфамилија Eusthenioidea
фамилија Diamphipnoidae
фамилија Eustheniidae
натфамилија Leptoperloidea
фамилија Austroperlidae
фамилија Gripopterygidae
подред Arctoperlaria
базална фамилија Scopuridae инфраред Euholognatha, или Filipalpia
фамилија Capniidae
фамилија Leuctridae
фамилија Nemouridae
фамилија Notonemouridae
фамилија Taeniopterygidae
инфраред Systellognatha, Setipalpia, или Subulipalpia
фамилија Chloroperlidae
фамилија Peltoperlidae
фамилија Perlidae
фамилија Perlodidae
фамилија Pteronarcyidae
фамилија Styloperlidae
Acroneuria Pictet, 1841 Agnetina Klapálek, 1907 Alaskaperla Stewart and DeWalt, 1991 Allocapnia Claassen, 1928 Alloperla Banks, 1906 Amphinemura Ris, 1902 Anacroneuria Klapálek, 1909 Apteroperla Matsumura, 1931 Arcynopteryx Klapálek, 1904 Arsapnia Banks, 1897 Attaneuria Ricker, 1954 Baikaloperla Zapekina-Dulkeit and Zhiltzova, 1973 Baumannella Stark and Stewart, 1985 Beloneuria Needham and Claassen, 1925 Bisancora Surdick, 1981 Bolotoperla Ricker and Ross, 1975 Bolshecapnia Ricker, 1965 Brachyptera Newport, 1851 Calileuctra Shepard and Baumann, 1995 Calineuria Ricker, 1954 Calliperla Banks, 1947 Capnia Pictet, 1841 Capniella Klapálek, 1920 Capnioneura Ris, 1905 Capnopsis Morton, 1896 Capnura Banks, 1900 Cascadoperla Szczytko and Stewart, 1979 Chernokrilus Ricker, 1952 Chloroperla Newman, 1836 Claassenia Wu, 1934 Clioperla Needham and Claassen, 1925 Cosumnoperla Szczytko and Bottorff, 1987 Cultus Ricker, 1952 Despaxia Ricker, 1943 Dinocras Klapálek, 1909 Diploperla Needham and Claassen, 1925 Diura Billberg, 1820 Doddsia Needham and Claassen, 1925 Doroneuria Needham and Claassen, 1925 Eccoptura Klapálek, 1921 Eocapnia Kawai, 1955 Eucapnopsis Okamoto, 1922 Eurekapnia Stark and Broome in Broome, Stark and Baumann, 2019 Frisonia Ricker, 1943 Hansonoperla Nelson, 1979 Haploperla Navás, 1934 Helopicus Ricker, 1952 Hesperoperla Banks, 1938 Hydroperla Frison, 1935 Isocapnia Banks, 1938 Isogenoides Klapálek, 1912 Isogenus Newman, 1833 Isoperla Banks, 1906 Kathroperla Banks, 1920 Kogotus Ricker, 1952 Lednia Ricker, 1952 Leuctra Stephens, 1835 Malenka Ricker, 1952 Malirekus Ricker, 1952 Megaleuctra Neave, 1934 Megarcys Klapálek, 1912 Mesocapnia Rauser, 1968 Moselia Ricker, 1943 Nemocapnia Banks, 1938 Nemoura Latreille, 1796 Neoperla Needham, 1905 Oconoperla Stark and Stewart, 1982 Oemopteryx Klapálek, 1902 Oroperla Needham, 1933 Osobenus Ricker, 1952 Ostrocerca Ricker, 1952 Paracapnia Hanson, 1946 Paragnetina Klapálek, 1907 Paraleuctra Hanson, 1941 Paranemoura Needham and Claassen, 1925 Paraperla Banks, 1906 Peltoperla Needham, 1905 Perla Geoffroy, 1764 Perlesta Banks, 1906 Perlinella Banks, 1900 Perlinodes Needham and Claassen, 1925 Perlomyia Banks, 1906 Pictetiella Illies, 1966 Plumiperla Surdick, 1985 Podmosta Ricker, 1952 Pomoleuctra Stark and Kyzar, 2001 Prostoia Ricker, 1952 Protonemura Kempny, 1898 Pteronarcella Banks, 1900 Pteronarcys Newman, 1838 Rasvena Ricker, 1952 Remenus Ricker, 1952 Rickera Jewett, 1954 Salmoperla Baumann and Lauck, 1987 Sasquacapnia Baumann and Broome in Broome, Stark and Baumann, 2019 Setvena Illies, 1966 Shipsa Ricker, 1952 Sierracapnia Bottorff and Baumann, 2015 Sierraperla Jewett, 1954 Sinocapnia Murányi, Li and Yang, 2015 Skwala Ricker, 1943 Soliperla Ricker, 1952 Soyedina Ricker, 1952 Strophopteryx Frison, 1929 Susulus Bottorff and Stewart, 1989 Suwallia Ricker, 1943 Sweltsa Ricker, 1943 Taenionema Banks, 1905 Taeniopteryx Pictet, 1841 Takagripopteryx Okamoto, 1922 Tallaperla Stark and Stewart, 1981 Togoperla Klapálek, 1907 Triznaka Ricker, 1952 Utacapnia Gaufin, 1970 Utaperla Ricker, 1952 Viehoperla Ricker, 1952 Visoka Ricker, 1952 Yoraperla Ricker, 1952 Yugus Ricker, 1952 Zapada Ricker, 1952 Zealeuctra Ricker, 1952 Zwicknia Murányi, 2014
Acroneuria abnormis (Newman, 1838) Acroneuria arenosa (Pictet, 1841) Acroneuria arida (Hagen, 1861) Acroneuria carolinensis (Banks, 1905) Acroneuria evoluta Klapálek, 1909 Acroneuria filicis Frison, 1942 Acroneuria flinti Stark and Gaufin, 1976 Acroneuria frisoni Stark and Brown, 1991 Acroneuria hitchcocki Kondratieff and Kirchner, 1988 Acroneuria internata (Walker, 1852) Acroneuria kosztarabi Kondratieff and Kirchner, 1993 Acroneuria lycorias (Newman, 1839) Acroneuria ozarkensis Poulton and Stewart, 1911 Acroneuria perplexa Frison, 1937 Acroneuria petersi Stark and Gaufin, 1976 Agnetina annulipes (Hagen, 1861) Agnetina capitata (Pictet, 1841) Agnetina flavescens (Walsh, 1862) Alaskaperla ovibovis (Ricker, 1965) Allocapnia aurora Ricker, 1952 Allocapnia brooksi Ross, 1964 Allocapnia cunninghami Ross and Ricker, 1971 Allocapnia curiosa Frison, 1942 Allocapnia forbesi Frison, 1929 Allocapnia frisoni Ross and Ricker, 1964 Allocapnia frumi Kirchner, 1982 Allocapnia fumosa Ross, 1964 Allocapnia granulata (Claassen, 1924) Allocapnia harperi Kirchner, 1980 Allocapnia illinoensis Frison, 1935 Allocapnia indianae Ricker, 1952 Allocapnia jeanae Ross, 1964 Allocapnia loshada Ricker, 1952 Allocapnia malverna Ross, 1964 Allocapnia maria Hanson, 1942 Allocapnia menawa Grubbs and Sheldon, 2008 Allocapnia minima (Barnston in Newport, 1848) Allocapnia mohri Ross and Ricker, 1964 Allocapnia muskogee Grubbs and Sheldon, 2008 Allocapnia mystica Frison, 1929 Allocapnia nivicola (Fitch, 1847) Allocapnia ohioensis Ross and Ricker, 1964 Allocapnia oribata Poulton and Stewart, 1987 Allocapnia ozarkana Ross, 1964 Allocapnia pechumani Ross and Ricker, 1964 Allocapnia peltoides Ross and Ricker, 1964 Allocapnia perplexa Ross and Ricker, 1971 Allocapnia polemistis Ross and Ricker, 1971 Allocapnia pygmaea (Burmeister, 1839) Allocapnia recta (Claassen, 1924) Allocapnia rickeri Frison, 1942 Allocapnia sandersoni Ricker, 1952 Allocapnia sano Grubbs, 2006 Allocapnia sequatchie Kondratieff and Kirchner, 2000 Allocapnia simmonsi Kondratieff and Voshell, 1981 Allocapnia smithi Ross and Ricker, 1971 Allocapnia stannardi Ross, 1964 Allocapnia starki Kondratieff and Kirchner, 2000 Allocapnia tennessa Ross and Ricker, 1964 Allocapnia tsalagi Grubbs, 2008 Allocapnia unzickeri Ross and Yamamoto, 1966 Allocapnia virginiana Frison, 1942 Allocapnia vivipara (Claassen, 1924) Allocapnia warreni Ross and Yamamoto, 1966 Allocapnia wrayi Ross, 1964 Allocapnia zola Ricker, 1952 Alloperla acadiana Harper, 1984 Alloperla aracoma Harper and Kirchner, 1978 Alloperla atlantica Baumann, 1974 Alloperla banksi Frison, 1942 Alloperla biserrata Nelson and Kondratieff, 1980 Alloperla caddo Poulton and Stewart, 1987 Alloperla caudata Frison, 1934 Alloperla chandleri Jewett, 1954 Alloperla chloris Frison, 1934 Alloperla concolor Ricker, 1935 Alloperla delicata Frison, 1935 Alloperla fraterna Frison, 1935 Alloperla furcula Surdick, 1981 Alloperla hamata Surdick, 1981 Alloperla idei (Ricker, 1935) Alloperla imbecilla (Say, 1823) Alloperla leonarda Ricker, 1952 Alloperla medveda Ricker, 1952 Alloperla nanina Banks, 1911 Alloperla natchez Surdick and Stark, 1980 Alloperla neglecta Frison, 1935 Alloperla ouachita Stark and Stewart, 1983 Alloperla pilosa Needham and Claassen, 1925 Alloperla roberti Surdick, 1981 Alloperla serrata Needham and Claassen, 1925 Alloperla severa (Hagen, 1861) Alloperla usa Ricker, 1952 Alloperla voinae Ricker, 1948 Alloperla vostoki Ricker, 1948 Amphinemura alabama Baumann, 1996 Amphinemura apache Baumann and Gaufin, 1972 Amphinemura appalachia Baumann, 1996 Amphinemura banksi Baumann and Gaufin, 1972 Amphinemura delosa (Ricker, 1952) Amphinemura linda (Ricker, 1952) Amphinemura mexicana Baumann, 1972 Amphinemura mockfordi (Ricker, 1952) Amphinemura mogollonica Baumann and Gaufin, 1972 Amphinemura nigritta (Provancher, 1876) Amphinemura puebla Baumann, 1972 Amphinemura reinerti Baumann, 1976 Amphinemura texana Baumann, 1996 Amphinemura varshava (Ricker, 1952) Amphinemura venusta (Banks, 1911) Amphinemura wui (Claassen, 1936) Anacroneuria comanche Stark and Baumann, 1987 Anacroneuria wipukupa Baumann and Olson, 1984 Apteroperla babensis (Kawai, 1967) Apteroperla elongata (Kawai, 1967) Apteroperla monticola (Kawai, 1955) Apteroperla tikumana (Uéno, 1938) Apteroperla verdea (Kawai, 1967) Apteroperla yazawai Matsumura, 1931 Arcynopteryx compacta (McLachlan, 1872) Arsapnia coyote (Nelson and Baumann, 1987) Arsapnia decepta Banks, 1897 Arsapnia pileata (Jewett, 1966) Arsapnia sequoia (Nelson and Baumann, 1987) Arsapnia teresa (Claassen, 1924) Arsapnia tumida (Claassen, 1924) Arsapnia utahensis (Gaufin and Jewett, 1962) Attaneuria ruralis (Hagen, 1861) Baikaloperla elongata Zapekina-Dulkeit and Zhiltzova, 1973 Baikaloperla kozhovi Zapekina-Dulkeit and Zhiltzova, 1973 Baumannella alameda (Needham and Claassen, 1925) Beloneuria georgiana (Banks, 1914) Beloneuria jamesae Stark and Szczytko, 1976 Beloneuria stewarti Stark and Szczytko, 1976 Bisancora pastina (Jewett, 1962) Bisancora rutriformis Surdick, 1981 Bolotoperla rossi (Frison, 1942) Bolshecapnia gregsoni (Ricker, 1965) Bolshecapnia milami (Nebeker and Gaufin, 1967) Bolshecapnia rogozera (Ricker, 1965) Bolshecapnia spenceri (Ricker, 1965) Calileuctra dobryi Shepard and Baumann, 1995 Calileuctra ephemera Shepard and Baumann, 1995 Calineuria californica (Banks, 1905) Calliperla luctuosa (Banks, 1906) Capnia affinis Morton, 1896 Capnia ahngeri Koponen, 1949 Capnia aligera Zapekina-Dulkeit, 1975 Capnia alternata Zapekina-Dulkeit, 1975 Capnia ansobiensis Zhiltzova, 1974 Capnia arensi Zhiltzova, 1964 Capnia asakawana Kohno, 1952 Capnia atra Morton, 1896 Capnia badakhshanica Zhiltzova, 1974 Capnia bargusinica Zapekina-Dulkeit, 1975 Capnia bicornata Alouf, 1992 Capnia bicuspidata Zhiltzova, 1974 Capnia bifida Jewett, 1960 Capnia bilobata Chen and Song, 2019 Capnia bimaculata Zhiltzova, 1969 Capnia bituberculata Uéno, 1929 Capnia breviptera Kawai, 1957 Capnia californica Claassen, 1924 Capnia caryi Baumann and Jacobi, 2002 Capnia cheama Ricker, 1965 Capnia coloradensis Claassen, 1937 Capnia confusa Claassen, 1936 Capnia cordata Kimmins, 1947 Capnia elongata Claassen, 1924 Capnia erecta Jewett, 1955 Capnia excavata Claassen, 1924 Capnia femina Kawai, 1968 Capnia fialai Nelson and Baumann, 1990 Capnia flebilis Kohno, 1952 Capnia fukushimana Kohno, 1952 Capnia gibbera Jewett, 1960 Capnia giulianii Nelson and Baumann, 1987 Capnia glabra Claassen, 1924 Capnia gracilaria Claassen, 1924 Capnia hamifera Zhiltzova, 1969 Capnia hingstoni Kimmins, 1947 Capnia hitchcocki Nelson and Baumann, 1987 Capnia inyo Nelson and Baumann, 1987 Capnia iturupiensis Zhiltzova, 1980 Capnia jankowskajae Zhiltzova, 1974 Capnia japonica Okamoto, 1922 Capnia jewetti Frison, 1942 Capnia kersti Nelson, 2004 Capnia khubsugulica Zhiltzova and Varykhanova, 1987 Capnia kibuneana Kawai, 1957 Capnia kolymensis Zhiltzova, 1981 Capnia kurnakovi Zhiltzova in Zhilthova and Levanidova, 1978 Capnia lacustra Jewett, 1965 Capnia lepnevae Zapekina-Dulkeit, 1957 Capnia levanidovae Kawai, 1969 Capnia licina Jewett, 1954 Capnia lineata Hanson, 1943 Capnia longicauda Zhiltzova, 1969 Capnia manii Jewett, 1958 Capnia mariposa Nelson and Baumann, 1987 Capnia melia Frison, 1942 Capnia mitsuseana Hanada, 2018 Capnia montana Kimmins, 1947 Capnia montivaga Kimmins, 1947 Capnia naebensis Kawai, 1967 Capnia nana Claassen, 1924 Capnia naraiensis Kawai, 1957 Capnia nearctica Banks, 1919 Capnia nelsoni Kondratieff and Baumann, 2002 Capnia nigra (Pictet, 1833) Capnia noshaqensis Kawai, 1966 Capnia oblata Chen and Du, 2017 Capnia ophiona Nelson and Baumann, 1987 Capnia oregona Frison, 1942 Capnia pedestris Kimmins, 1947 Capnia petila Jewett, 1954 Capnia potikhae Zhiltzova in Potikha and Zhiltzpva, 1996 Capnia prolongata Zhiltzova, 1969 Capnia promota Frison, 1937 Capnia pygmaea (Zetterstedt, 1840) Capnia qilianshana Li and Yang, 2009 Capnia quadrituberosa Hitchcock, 1958 Capnia rara Zapekina-Dulkeit, 1970 Capnia regilla Nelson and Baumann, 1987 Capnia saratoga Nelson and Baumann, 1987 Capnia scobina Jewett, 1966 Capnia sextuberculata Jewett, 1954 Capnia shasta Nelson and Baumann, 2009 Capnia shirahatae Kohno, 1952 Capnia shugnanica Zhiltzova, 1974 Capnia sidimiensis Zhiltzova, 1979 Capnia singularis Zhiltzova, 1974 Capnia spinulosa Claassen, 1937 Capnia storkani Sámal, 1935 Capnia takahashii Okamoto, 1922 Capnia tibetana Kimmins, 1947 Capnia triangulipennis Jewett, 1975 Capnia trispinosa Chen and Du, 2017 Capnia tshukotica Zhiltzova and Levanidova, 1978 Capnia uintahi Gaufin, 1964 Capnia umpqua Frison, 1942 Capnia valhalla Nelson and Baumann, 1987 Capnia ventura Nelson and Baumann, 1987 Capnia vernalis Newport, 1848 Capnia vidua Klapálek, 1904 Capnia willametta Jewett, 1955 Capnia xiei Chen and Du, 2017 Capnia yasumatsui (Kohno, 1951) Capnia yunnana Li and Yang, 2011 Capnia zaicevi Klapálek, 1914 Capnia zijinshana Du and Chen, 2016 Capnia zukeli Hanson, 1943 Capniella endemica (Zapekina-Dulkeit, 1955) Capniella ghilarovi Zhiltzova, 1988 Capniella nodosa Klapálek, 1920 Capnioneura aptera Berthélemy, 1969 Capnioneura atlasica Vinçon, El Alami and Errochdi, 2014 Capnioneura balkanica Baumann and Kacanski, 1975 Capnioneura bolkari Vinçon and Sivec, 2011 Capnioneura brachyptera Despax, 1932 Capnioneura caucasica Zhiltzova, 1964 Capnioneura gelesae Berthélemy and Baena-Ruiz, 1984 Capnioneura gouanerae Vinçon and Sivec, 2011 Capnioneura libera (Navás, 1909) Capnioneura mitis Despax, 1932 Capnioneura narcea Vinçon and Sánchez-Ortega, 2002 Capnioneura nemuroides Ris, 1905 Capnioneura petitpierreae Aubert, 1961 Capnioneura petricola Giudicelli, 1967 Capnioneura valandovi Ikonomov, 1978 Capnopsis schilleri (Rostock, 1892) Capnura anas Nelson and Baumann, 1987 Capnura elevata (Frison, 1942) Capnura fibula (Claassen, 1924) Capnura intermontana Nelson and Baumann, 1987 Capnura manitoba (Claassen, 1924) Capnura venosa Banks, 1900 Capnura wanica (Frison, 1944) Cascadoperla trictura (Hoppe, 1938) Chernokrilus erratus (Claassen, 1936) Chernokrilus misnomus (Claassen, 1936) Claassenia sabulosa (Banks, 1900) Clioperla clio (Newman, 1839) Cosumnoperla hypocrena Szczytko and Bottorff, 1987 Cultus aestivalis (Needham and Claassen, 1925) Cultus decisus (Walker, 1852) Cultus pilatus (Frison, 1942) Cultus tostonus (Ricker, 1952) Cultus verticalis (Banks, 1920) Despaxia augusta (Banks, 1907) Dinocras cephalotes (Curtis, 1827) Dinocras megacephala (Klapálek, 1907) Diploperla duplicata (Banks, 1920) Diploperla kanawholensis Kirchner and Kondratieff, 1984 Diploperla morgani Kondratieff and Voshell, 1979 Diploperla robusta Stark and Gaufin, 1974 Diura bicaudata (Linnaeus, 1758) Diura knowltoni (Frison, 1937) Diura nanseni (Kempny, 1900) Doddsia occidentalis (Banks, 1900) Doroneuria baumanni Stark and Gaufin, 1974 Doroneuria theodora (Needham and Claassen, 1922) Eccoptura xanthenes (Newman, 1838) Eocapnia nivalis (Uéno, 1929) Eocapnia shigensis Kawai, 1967 Eocapnia yezoensis Kawai, 1955 Eucapnopsis brevicauda (Claassen, 1924) Eucapnopsis quattuorsegmentata Okamoto, 1922 Eucapnopsis stigmatica Okamoto, 1922 Eurekapnia maculata (Jewett, 1954) Frisonia picticeps (Hanson, 1942) Hansonoperla appalachia Nelson, 1979 Hansonoperla cheaha Kondratieff and Kirchner, 1996 Hansonoperla hokolesqua Kondratieff and Kirchner, 1996 Haploperla brevis (Banks, 1895) Haploperla chilnualna (Ricker, 1952) Haploperla chukcho (Surdick and Stark, 1980) Haploperla orpha (Frison, 1937) Helopicus bogaloosa Stark and Ray, 1983 Helopicus nalatus (Frison, 1942) Helopicus subvarians (Banks, 1920) Hesperoperla hoguei Baumann and Stark, 1980 Hesperoperla pacifica (Banks, 1900) Hydroperla crosbyi (Needham and Claassen, 1925) Hydroperla fugitans (Needham and Claassen, 1925) Hydroperla phormidia Ray and Stark, 1981 Hydroperla rickeri (Stark, 1984) Isocapnia abbreviata Frison, 1942 Isocapnia agassizi Ricker, 1943 Isocapnia anguis Chen and Du, 2017 Isocapnia apicispina Chen and Du, 2017 Isocapnia aptera Zhiltzova, 1969 Isocapnia arcuata Zhiltzova, 1975 Isocapnia crinita (Needham and Claassen, 1925) Isocapnia eichlini Zenger and Baumann, 2004 Isocapnia grandis (Banks, 1907) Isocapnia guentheri (Joost, 1970) Isocapnia hyalita Ricker, 1959 Isocapnia integra Hanson, 1943 Isocapnia japonica Kohno, 1953 Isocapnia kudia Ricker, 1959 Isocapnia mogila Ricker, 1959 Isocapnia orientalis Zhiltzova, 1975 Isocapnia palousa Zenger and Baumann, 2004 Isocapnia rickeri Zenger and Baumann, 2004 Isocapnia sibirica (Zapekina-Dulkeit, 1955) Isocapnia spenceri Ricker, 1943 Isocapnia vedderensis (Ricker, 1943) Isogenoides colubrinus (Hagen, 1874) Isogenoides doratus (Frison, 1942) Isogenoides elongatus (Hagen, 1874) Isogenoides frontalis (Newman, 1838) Isogenoides hansoni (Ricker, 1952) Isogenoides krumholzi (Ricker, 1952) Isogenoides olivaceus (Walker, 1852) Isogenoides varians (Walsh, 1862) Isogenoides zionensis Hanson, 1949 Isoperla acula Jewett, 1962 Isoperla adunca Jewett, 1962 Isoperla baumanni Szczytko and Stewart, 1984 Isoperla bellona Banks, 1911 Isoperla bifurcata Szczytko and Stewart, 1979 Isoperla bilineata (Say, 1823) Isoperla burksi Frison, 1942 Isoperla conspicua Frison, 1935 Isoperla cotta Ricker, 1952 Isoperla coushatta Szczytko and Stewart, 1976 Isoperla davisi James, 1974 Isoperla decepta Frison, 1935 Isoperla decolorata (Walker, 1852) Isoperla denningi Jewett, 1955 Isoperla dicala Frison, 1942 Isoperla distincta Nelson, 1976 Isoperla emarginata Harden and Mickel, 1952 Isoperla francesca Harper, 1971 Isoperla frisoni Illies, 1966 Isoperla fulva Claassen, 1937 Isoperla fusca Needham and Claassen, 1925 Isoperla gibbsae Harper, 1971 Isoperla grammatica (Poda, 1761) Isoperla gravitans (Needham and Claassen, 1925) Isoperla holochlora (Klapálek, 1923) Isoperla irregularis (Klapálek, 1923) Isoperla jewetti Szczytko and Stewart, 1976 Isoperla katmaiensis Szczytko and Stewart, 1979 Isoperla lata Frison, 1942 Isoperla longiseta Banks, 1906 Isoperla major Nelson and Kondratieff, 1983 Isoperla marlynia Needham and Claassen, 1925 Isoperla marmorata Needham and Claassen, 1925 Isoperla maxana Harden and Mickel, 1952 Isoperla miwok Bottorff and Szczytko, 1990 Isoperla mohri Frison, 1935 Isoperla montana (Banks, 1898) Isoperla mormona Banks, 1920 Isoperla namata Frison, 1942 Isoperla nana (Walsh, 1862) Isoperla orata Frison, 1942 Isoperla ouachita Stark and Stewart, 1973 Isoperla petersoni Needham and Christenson, 1927 Isoperla phalerata (Smith, 1917) Isoperla pinta Frison, 1937 Isoperla quinquepunctata (Banks, 1902) Isoperla rainiera Jewett, 1954 Isoperla richardsoni Frison, 1935 Isoperla roguensis Szczytko and Stewart, 1984 Isoperla sagittata Szczytko and Stewart, 1976 Isoperla signata (Banks, 1902) Isoperla similis (Hagen, 1861) Isoperla slossonae (Banks, 1911) Isoperla sobria (Hagen, 1874) Isoperla sordida Banks, 1906 Isoperla szczytkoi Poulton and Stewart, 1987 Isoperla tilasqua Szczytko and Stewart, 1979 Isoperla transmarina (Newman, 1838) Kathroperla perdita Banks, 1920 Kathroperla takhoma Stark and Surdick, 1987 Kogotus modestus (Banks, 1908) Kogotus nonus (Needham and Claassen, 1925) Lednia tumana (Ricker, 1952) Leuctra alabama James, 1974 Leuctra alexanderi Hanson, 1941 Leuctra alta James, 1974 Leuctra baddecka Ricker, 1965 Leuctra biloba Claassen, 1923 Leuctra carolinensis Claassen, 1923 Leuctra cottaquilla James, 1974 Leuctra crossi James, 1974 Leuctra duplicata Claassen, 1923 Leuctra ferruginea (Walker, 1851) Leuctra grandis Banks, 1906 Leuctra inermis Kempny, 1899 Leuctra laura Hitchcock, 1969 Leuctra maria Hanson, 1941 Leuctra mitchellensis Hanson, 1941 Leuctra moha Ricker, 1952 Leuctra monticola Hanson, 1941 Leuctra moselyi Morton, 1907 Leuctra nephophila Hanson, 1941 Leuctra paleo Poulton and Stewart, 1991 Leuctra rickeri James, 1976 Leuctra sibleyi Claassen, 1923 Leuctra szczytkoi Stark and Stewart, 1981 Leuctra tenella Provancher, 1878 Leuctra tenuis (Pictet, 1841) Leuctra triloba Claassen, 1923 Leuctra truncata Claassen, 1923 Leuctra variabilis Hanson, 1941 Malenka bifurcata (Claassen, 1923) Malenka biloba (Claassen, 1923) Malenka californica (Claassen, 1923) Malenka coloradensis (Banks, 1897) Malenka cornuta (Claassen, 1923) Malenka depressa (Banks, 1898) Malenka flexura (Claassen, 1923) Malenka marionae (Hitchcock, 1958) Malenka perplexa (Frison, 1936) Malenka tina (Ricker, 1952) Malenka wenatchee (Ricker, 1965) Malirekus hastatus (Banks, 1920) Malirekus iroquois Stark and Szczytko, 1988 Megaleuctra complicata Claassen, 1937 Megaleuctra flinti Baumann, 1973 Megaleuctra kincaidi Frison, 1942 Megaleuctra sierra Fields, 1977 Megaleuctra stigmata (Banks, 1900) Megaleuctra williamsae Hanson, 1941 Megarcys irregularis (Banks, 1900) Megarcys signata (Hagen, 1874) Megarcys subtruncata Hanson, 1942 Megarcys watertoni (Ricker, 1952) Megarcys yosemite (Needham and Claassen, 1925) Mesocapnia altaica (Zapekina-Dulkeit, 1955) Mesocapnia aptera Lee and Baumann, 2011 Mesocapnia arizonensis (Baumann and Gaufin, 1969) Mesocapnia autumna (Baumann and Gaufin, 1970) Mesocapnia bakeri (Banks, 1918) Mesocapnia bergi (Ricker, 1965) Mesocapnia bulbosa Nelson and Baumann, 1990 Mesocapnia daxingana Chen and Du, 2016 Mesocapnia frisoni (Baumann and Gaufin, 1970) Mesocapnia gorodkovi Zhiltzova and Baumann, 1986 Mesocapnia lapwae (Baumann and Gaufin, 1970) Mesocapnia oenone (Neave, 1929) Mesocapnia ogotoruka (Jewett, 1964) Mesocapnia porrecta (Jewett, 1954) Mesocapnia projecta (Frison, 1937) Mesocapnia silvatica Rauser, 1968 Mesocapnia sugluka (Ricker, 1965) Mesocapnia variabilis (Klapálek, 1920) Mesocapnia werneri (Baumann and Gaufin, 1970) Mesocapnia yoloensis (Baumann and Gaufin, 1970) Moselia infuscata (Claassen, 1923) Nemocapnia carolina Banks, 1938 Nemocapnia japonica Kohno, 1953 Nemoura arctica Esben-Petersen, 1910 Nemoura marginata Pictet, 1836 Nemoura normani Ricker, 1952 Nemoura rickeri Jewett, 1971 Nemoura spiniloba Jewett, 1954 Nemoura trispinosa Claassen, 1923 Neoperla carlsoni Stark and Baumann, 1978 Neoperla catharae Stark and Baumann, 1978 Neoperla choctaw Stark and Baumann, 1978 Neoperla clymene (Newman, 1839) Neoperla coosa Smith and Stark, 1998 Neoperla coxi Stark, 1995 Neoperla falayah Stark and Lentz, 1988 Neoperla gaufini Stark and Baumann, 1978 Neoperla harpi Ernst and Stewart, 1986 Neoperla harrisi Stark and Lentz, 1988 Neoperla mainensis Banks, 1948 Neoperla occipitalis (Pictet, 1841) Neoperla osage Stark and Lentz, 1988 Neoperla robisoni Poulton and Stewart, 1986 Neoperla stewarti Stark and Baumann, 1978 Oconoperla innubila (Needham and Claassen, 1925) Oemopteryx contorta (Needham and Claassen, 1925) Oemopteryx fosketti (Ricker, 1965) Oemopteryx glacialis (Newport, 1849) Oemopteryx vanduzeea (Claassen, 1937) Oroperla barbara Needham, 1933 Osobenus yakimae (Hoppe, 1938) Ostrocerca albidipennis (Walker, 1852) Ostrocerca complexa (Claassen, 1937) Ostrocerca dimicki (Frison, 1936) Ostrocerca foersteri (Ricker, 1943) Ostrocerca prolongata (Claassen, 1923) Ostrocerca truncata (Claassen, 1923) Paracapnia angulata Hanson, 1961 Paracapnia baumanni Kondratieff and Lee, 2010 Paracapnia boris Stark and Baumann, 2004 Paracapnia disala (Jewett, 1962) Paracapnia ensicala (Jewett, 1962) Paracapnia humboldta Baumann and Lee, 2007 Paracapnia khorensis Zhiltzova, 1972 Paracapnia leisteri Potikha and Zhiltzova, 2005 Paracapnia opis (Newman, 1839) Paracapnia recta Zhiltzova, 1984 Paracapnia sikhotensis Zhiltzova in Zhilthova and Levanidova, 1978 Paragnetina fumosa (Banks, 1902) Paragnetina ichusa Stark and Szczytko, 1981 Paragnetina immarginata (Say, 1823) Paragnetina kansensis (Banks, 1905) Paragnetina media (Walker, 1852) Paraleuctra divisa (Hitchcock, 1958) Paraleuctra forcipata (Frison, 1937) Paraleuctra jewetti Nebeker and Gaufin, 1966 Paraleuctra occidentalis (Banks, 1907) Paraleuctra projecta (Frison, 1942) Paraleuctra sara (Claassen, 1937) Paraleuctra vershina Gaufin and Ricker, 1974 Paranemoura claasseni Baumann, 1996 Paranemoura perfecta (Walker, 1852) Paraperla frontalis (Banks, 1902) Paraperla wilsoni Ricker, 1965 Peltoperla arcuata Needham, 1905 Peltoperla tarteri Stark and Kondratieff, 1987 Perla marginata Panzer, 1799 Perla maxima (Scopoli, 1763) Perlesta adena Stark, 1989 Perlesta baumanni Stark, 1989 Perlesta bolukta Stark, 1989 Perlesta browni Stark, 1989 Perlesta cinctipes (Banks, 1905) Perlesta dakota Kondratieff and Baumann, 1999 Perlesta decipiens (Walsh, 1862) Perlesta etneri Kondratieff and Kirchner, 2001 Perlesta frisoni Banks, 1948 Perlesta fusca Poulton and Stewart, 1991 Perlesta golconda DeWalt and Stark, 1998 Perlesta lagoi Stark, 1989 Perlesta nelsoni Stark, 1989 Perlesta nitida Banks, 1948 Perlesta placida (Hagen, 1861) Perlesta shubuta Stark, 1989 Perlesta teaysia Kirchner and Kondratieff, 1997 Perlesta xube Stark and Rhodes, 1997 Perlinella drymo (Newman, 1839) Perlinella ephyre (Newman, 1839) Perlinella zwicki Kondratieff et al., 1988 Perlinodes aurea (Smith, 1917) Perlomyia collaris Banks, 1906 Perlomyia utahensis Needham and Claassen, 1925 Pictetiella expansa (Banks, 1920) Plumiperla diversa (Frison, 1935) Plumiperla spinosa (Surdick, 1981) Podmosta decepta (Frison, 1942) Podmosta delicatula (Claassen, 1923) Podmosta macdunnoughi (Ricker, 1947) Podmosta obscura (Frison, 1936) Podmosta weberi (Ricker, 1952) Pomoleuctra andersoni (Harper and Wildman, 1985) Pomoleuctra purcellana (Neave, 1934) Prostoia besametsa (Ricker, 1952) Prostoia completa (Walker, 1852) Prostoia hallasi Kondratieff and Kirchner, 1984 Prostoia similis (Hagen, 1861) Protonemura meyeri (Pictet, 1841) Pteronarcella badia (Hagen, 1874) Pteronarcella regularis (Hagen, 1874) Pteronarcys biloba Newman, 1838 Pteronarcys californica Newport, 1848 Pteronarcys comstocki Smith, 1917 Pteronarcys dorsata (Say, 1823) Pteronarcys pictetii Hagen, 1873 Pteronarcys princeps Banks, 1907 Pteronarcys proteus Newman, 1838 Pteronarcys scotti Ricker, 1952 Rasvena terna (Frison, 1942) Remenus bilobatus (Needham and Claassen, 1925) Remenus duffieldi Nelson and Kondratieff, 1995 Remenus kirchneri Kondratieff and Nelson, 1995 Rickera sorpta (Needham and Claassen, 1925) Salmoperla sylvanica Baumann and Lauck, 1987 Sasquacapnia missiona (Baumann and Potter, 2007) Sasquacapnia sasquatchi (Ricker, 1965) Setvena bradleyi (Smith, 1917) Setvena tibialis (Banks, 1914) Setvena wahkeena Stewart and Stanger, 1985 Shipsa rotunda (Claassen, 1923) Sierracapnia barberi (Claassen, 1924) Sierracapnia hornigi (Baumann and Sheldon, 1984) Sierracapnia mono (Nelson and Baumann, 1987) Sierracapnia palomar (Nelson and Baumann, 1987) Sierracapnia shepardi (Nelson and Baumann, 1987) Sierracapnia washoe Bottorff and Baumann, 2015 Sierracapnia yosemite (Nelson and Baumann, 1987) Sierraperla cora (Needham and Smith, 1916) Sinocapnia kuankuoshui Murányi, Li and Yang, 2015 Skwala americana (Klapálek, 1912) Skwala curvata (Hanson, 1942) Soliperla campanula (Jewett, 1954) Soliperla fenderi (Jewett, 1955) Soliperla quadrispinula (Jewett, 1954) Soliperla sierra Stark, 1983 Soliperla thyra (Needham and Smith, 1916) Soliperla tillamook Stark, 1983 Soyedina carolinensis (Claassen, 1923) Soyedina interrupta (Claassen, 1923) Soyedina kondratieffi Baumann and Grubbs, 1996 Soyedina merritti Baumann and Grubbs, 1996 Soyedina nevadensis (Claassen, 1923) Soyedina potteri (Baumann and Gaufin, 1971) Soyedina producta (Claassen, 1923) Soyedina vallicularia (Wu, 1923) Soyedina washingtoni (Claassen, 1923) Strophopteryx appalachia Ricker and Ross, 1975 Strophopteryx arkansae Ricker and Ross, 1975 Strophopteryx cucullata Frison, 1934 Strophopteryx fasciata (Burmeister, 1839) Strophopteryx limata (Frison, 1942) Susulus venustus (Jewett, 1965) Suwallia amoenacoleus Alexander and Stewart, 1999 Suwallia autumna (Hoppe, 1938) Suwallia dubia (Frison, 1935) Suwallia forcipata (Neave, 1929) Suwallia lineosa (Banks, 1918) Suwallia marginata (Banks, 1897) Suwallia pallidula (Banks, 1904) Suwallia salish Alexander and Stewart, 1999 Suwallia shepardi Alexander and Stewart, 1999 Suwallia sierra Baumann and Bottorff, 1997 Suwallia starki Alexander and Stewart, 1999 Suwallia sublimis Alexander and Stewart, 1999 Suwallia wardi Kondratieff and Kirchner, 1991 Sweltsa adamantea Surdick, 1995 Sweltsa albertensis (Needham and Claassen, 1925) Sweltsa borealis (Banks, 1895) Sweltsa californica (Jewett, 1965) Sweltsa coloradensis (Banks, 1898) Sweltsa continua (Banks, 1911) Sweltsa cristata Surdick, 1995 Sweltsa exquisita (Frison, 1935) Sweltsa fidelis (Banks, 1920) Sweltsa gaufini Baumann, 1973 Sweltsa holstonensis Kondratieff and Kirchner, 1998 Sweltsa hondo Baumann and Jacobi, 1984 Sweltsa lamba (Needham and Claassen, 1925) Sweltsa lateralis (Banks, 1911) Sweltsa mediana (Banks, 1911) Sweltsa naica (Provancher, 1876) Sweltsa occidens (Frison, 1937) Sweltsa onkos (Ricker, 1935) Sweltsa oregonensis (Frison, 1935) Sweltsa pacifica (Banks, 1895) Sweltsa pisteri Baumann and Bottorff, 1997 Sweltsa pocahontas Kirchner and Kondratieff, 1988 Sweltsa resima Surdick, 1995 Sweltsa revelstoka (Jewett, 1955) Sweltsa tamalpa (Ricker, 1952) Sweltsa townesi (Ricker, 1952) Sweltsa umbonata Surdick, 1995 Sweltsa urticae (Ricker, 1952) Sweltsa voshelli Kondratieff and Kirchner, 1991 Taenionema atlanticum Ricker and Ross, 1975 Taenionema californicum (Needham and Claassen, 1925) Taenionema grinnelli (Banks, 1918) Taenionema jacobii Stanger and Baumann, 1993 Taenionema jewetti Stanger and Baumann, 1993 Taenionema kincaidi (Hoppe, 1938) Taenionema oregonense (Needham and Claassen, 1925) Taenionema pacificum (Banks, 1900) Taenionema pallidum (Banks, 1902) Taenionema raynorium (Claassen, 1937) Taenionema uinta Stanger and Baumann, 1993 Taenionema umatilla Stanger and Baumann, 1993 Taeniopteryx burksi Ricker and Ross, 1968 Taeniopteryx lita Frison, 1942 Taeniopteryx lonicera Ricker and Ross, 1968 Taeniopteryx maura (Pictet, 1841) Taeniopteryx metequi Ricker and Ross, 1968 Taeniopteryx nelsoni Kondratieff and Kirchner, 1982 Taeniopteryx nivalis (Fitch, 1847) Taeniopteryx parvula Banks, 1918 Taeniopteryx robinae Kondratieff and Kirchner, 1984 Taeniopteryx starki Stewart and Szczytko, 1974 Taeniopteryx ugola Ricker and Ross, 1968 Takagripopteryx imamurai Kohno, 1954 Takagripopteryx jezoensis Kohno, 1954 Takagripopteryx nigra Okamoto, 1922 Takagripopteryx zhuikovae Zhiltzova, 1980 Tallaperla anna (Needham and Smith, 1916) Tallaperla cornelia (Needham and Smith, 1916) Tallaperla elisa Stark, 1983 Tallaperla laurie (Ricker, 1952) Tallaperla lobata Stark, 1983 Tallaperla maria (Needham and Smith, 1916) Triznaka pintada (Ricker, 1952) Triznaka signata (Banks, 1895) Utacapnia columbiana (Claassen, 1924) Utacapnia distincta (Frison, 1937) Utacapnia imbera (Nebeker and Gaufin, 1965) Utacapnia labradora (Ricker, 1954) Utacapnia lemoniana (Nebeker and Gaufin, 1965) Utacapnia logana (Nebeker and Gaufin, 1965) Utacapnia nedia (Nebeker and Gaufin, 1966) Utacapnia poda (Nebeker and Gaufin, 1965) Utacapnia sierra (Nebeker and Gaufin, 1965) Utacapnia tahoensis (Nebeker and Gaufin, 1965) Utacapnia trava (Nebeker and Gaufin, 1965) Utaperla gaspesiana Harper and Roy, 1975 Utaperla sopladora Ricker, 1952 Viehoperla ada (Needham and Smith, 1916) Visoka cataractae (Neave, 1933) Yoraperla brevis (Banks, 1907) Yoraperla mariana (Ricker, 1943) Yoraperla nigrisoma (Banks, 1948) Yoraperla siletz Stark and Nelson, 1994 Yugus arinus (Frison, 1942) Yugus bulbosus (Frison, 1942) Zapada chila (Ricker, 1952) Zapada cinctipes (Banks, 1897) Zapada columbiana (Claassen, 1923) Zapada cordillera (Baumann and Gaufin, 1971) Zapada frigida (Claassen, 1923) Zapada glacier (Baumann and Gaufin, 1971) Zapada haysi (Ricker, 1952) Zapada katahdin Baumann and Mingo, 1987 Zapada oregonensis (Claassen, 1923) Zapada wahkeena (Jewett, 1954) Zealeuctra arnoldi Ricker and Ross, 1969 Zealeuctra cherokee Stark and Stewart, 1973 Zealeuctra claasseni (Frison, 1929) Zealeuctra fraxina Ricker and Ross, 1969 Zealeuctra hitei Ricker and Ross, 1969 Zealeuctra narfi Ricker and Ross, 1969 Zealeuctra wachita Ricker and Ross, 1969 Zealeuctra warreni Ricker and Ross, 1969 Zwicknia acuta Murányi and Orci, 2014 Zwicknia bifrons (Newman, 1838) Zwicknia gattolliati Vinçon and Reding, 2018 Zwicknia komica Murányi and Boumans, 2014 Zwicknia kovacsi Murányi and Gamboa, 2014 Zwicknia ledoarei Reding, Launay, Ruffoni, Vinçon and Boumans, 2016 Zwicknia rupprechti Murányi, Orci and Gamboa, 2014 Zwicknia sevanica (Zhiltzova, 1964) Zwicknia tuberculata (Zhiltzova, 1964) Zwicknia turkestanica (Kimmins, 1950) Zwicknia westermanni Boumans and Murányi, 2014
^ а б в Grimaldi D., Engel M.S. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York, USA. ISBN 978-0-521-82149-0 .
^ Woodhouse, S. C. (1910). English-Greek Dictionary - a Vocabulary of the Attic Language ^ Fochetti, Romolo; José Manuel Tierno de Figueroa (2008). „Global diversity of stoneflies (Plecoptera; Insecta) in freshwater”. Ур.: E. V. Balian; C. Lévêque; H. Segers; K. Martens. Freshwater Animal Diversity Assessment . Hydrobiologia 595 . стр. 265—377. ISBN 978-1-4020-8258-0 . doi :10.1007/978-1-4020-8259-7_39 . ^ Brittain, 1987
^ а б Zwick, Peter (2000). „Phylogenetic system and zoogeography of the Plecoptera” . Annual Review of Entomology 45 : 709—746. PMID 10761594 . doi :10.1146/annurev.ento.45.1.709 . ^ H. B. N. Hynes (1993). Adults and Nymphs of British Stoneflies . Freshwater Biological Association . ISBN 978-0-900386-28-2 . ^ Nelson, Riley. „Clean water has bugs in it, says BYU Biology Professor Riley Nelson” . Архивирано из оригинала 06. 09. 2015. г. Приступљено 16. 5. 2013 . ^ а б Stewart K.W. 2005. Plecoptera. In: Resh V.H, Cardé R.T. (eds) Encyclopedia of Insects. Academic Press: California, USA. ISBN 978-0-12-586990-4 .
^ Hoell, H. V.; Doyen, J. T.; Purcell, A. H. (1998). Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity 383 –386. ISBN 978-0-19-510033-4 . ^ Nelson, C. Riley (1. 1. 1996). „Plecoptera. Stoneflies” . Tree of Life Web Project оригинала 28. 03. 2019. г. Приступљено 31. 7. 2008 .
