Олово
Олово Име, симбол олово, Pb Изглед металично сив
Атомски број (Z ) 82 Група , периода група 14 (угљеникова група) , периода 6 Блок p-блок Категорија постпрелазни метал Рел. ат. маса (A r ) 207,2(1)[ 1] Ел. конфигурација по љускама
2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 4 Тачка топљења 600,61 K (327,46 °C , 621,43 °F) Тачка кључања 2022 K (1749 °C , 3180 °F) Густина при с.т. 11,34 g/cm3 течно ст., на т.т. 10,66 g/cm3 Топлота фузије 4,77 kJ/mol Топлота испаравања 179,5 kJ/mol Мол. топл. капацитет 26,650 J/(mol·K) Напон паре
P (Pa)
100
101
102
на T (K)
978
1088
1229
P (Pa)
103
104
105
на T (K)
1412
1660
2027
Електронегативност 1,87 (+2) Енергије јонизације 1 : 715,6 kJ/mol 2 : 1450,5 kJ/mol 3 : 3081,5 kJ/mol Атомски радијус 175 pm Ковалентни радијус 146±5 pm Валсов радијус 202 pm Спектралне линије Кристална структура постраничноцентр. кубична (FCC) Брзина звука танак штап 1190 m/s (на с.т. ) Топл. ширење 28,9 µm/(m·K) (на 25 °C ) Топл. водљивост 35.3 W/(m·K) Електроотпорност 208 nΩ·m (на 20 °C ) Магнетни распоред дијамагнетик Магнетна сусцептибилност (χ mol ) −23,0×10−6 cm3 /mol (на 298 K) Јангов модул 16 GPa Модул смицања 5,6 GPa Модул стишљивости 46 GPa Поасонов коефицијент 0,44 Мосова тврдоћа 1,5 Бринелова тврдоћа 38–50 MPa CAS број 7439-92-1 Откриће на Блиском истоку (7000. п. н. е. )
Изотопска заступљеност увелико се разликује зависно о узорку референце • Википодаци
Руда олова У природи, олово се најчешће јавља у виду сулфида, PbS, као руда галенит .
Елемент олово Pb Пржењем се руда преводи у оксид чијом редукцијом настаје сирово олово.[ 3] бакар , антимон , арсен , бизмут , цинк , сумпор , калај , сребро и злато . Пречишћавањем сировог олова (најчешће електролитичким путем) добија се чисто олово плавичастобеле боје , само на свежем пресеку је металног сјаја, но брзо потамни од створеног слоја оксида и базног олово(II) карбоната Pb(OH)2 *2PbCO3 , који га штите од даље оксидације. То је мек метал , велике густине и ниске температуре топљења .[ 4]
Олово се у дестилованој води не раствара, док се раствара у киселинама са оксидационим дејством (нпр. азотна киселина ). При дејству разблажене сумпорне киселине ствара се заштитни слој олово- сулфата PbSO4 те растварање престаје. Алкалије не делују на олово. На ваздуху се фино спрашено олово тзв. пирофорно олово пали само од себе.
Олово (II) оксид се користи за глазирање керамичких производа, за израду минијума, као жута боја у сликарству. Олово се користи за израду лимова , канализационих и водоводних цеви уколико воде нису киселе; њиме се облажу електрични каблови и превлачи посуђе. Олово се користи и у војној индустрији, индустрији боја, за израду оловних акумулатора, за заштиту од рендгенског и радиоактивног зрачења.
Прве мине за оловке правиле су се од оловних руда, али их је у савременом добу заменио неотровни графит , који се комбинује са другим примесама.
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